Prevent bypass of AppLocker and SAFER alias Software Restriction Policies Valid HTML 4.01 Transitional Valid CSS Valid SVG 1.0

Me, myself & IT

Prevent bypass of AppLocker and SAFER alias Software Restriction Policies

Purpose

APPCERT.DLL evaluates the SAFER security level of every application to be started by the Win32 functions CreateProcess(), CreateProcessAsUser(), CreateProcessWithLogonW() and CreateProcessWithTokenW(): it allows process creation for the security levels SAFER_LEVELID_FULLYTRUSTED alias Unrestricted and SAFER_LEVELID_NORMALUSER alias Basic User, or denies process creation for the security levels SAFER_LEVELID_CONSTRAINED alias Restricted, SAFER_LEVELID_UNTRUSTED alias Untrusted and SAFER_LEVELID_DISALLOWED alias Disallowed.

In case of denial it writes an entry 865, 866, 867, 868 or 882 from source Software Restriction Policies (on Windows XP and Windows Server 2003) or Microsoft-Windows-SoftwareRestrictionPolicies (on Windows Vista and newer versions of Windows NT) to the Event Log.

Reason

The process creation flag CREATE_PRESERVE_CODE_AUTHZ_LEVEL of the Win32 functions CreateProcess(), CreateProcessAsUser(), CreateProcessWithLogonW() and CreateProcessWithTokenW() allows unprivileged users to bypass both AppLocker and SAFER alias Software Restriction Policies in all versions of Windows® NT.

This bypass may also be exercised indirect: the flag SAFER_TOKEN_MAKE_INERT of the Win32 function SaferComputeTokenFromLevel() allows to create an inert token which can then be (ab)used with the Win32 functions CreateProcessAsUser() and CreateProcessWithTokenW(); both Win32 functions but require privileges to be held by their caller which are not assigned to unprivileged users.

Note: the flag LOAD_IGNORE_CODE_AUTHZ_LEVEL of the Win32 function LoadLibraryEx() and the flag SANDBOX_INERT of the Win32 function CreateRestrictedToken() enable this bypass too; both are but disabled for unprivileged users in Windows 8 and newer versions of Windows NT (in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with the hotfix 2532445, the hotfix 2894252, or the convenience rollup update 3125574).

Operation

AppCertDlls are loaded during the first call of one of the Win32 functions CreateProcess(), CreateProcessAsUser(), CreateProcessWithLogonW() and CreateProcessWithTokenW() in every (user) process; their CreateProcessNotify() routine is called with PROCESS_CREATION_QUERY as reason whenever an application is to be started.
If one of the AppCertDlls returns a negative NTSTATUS like 0xC0000372 alias STATUS_ACCESS_DISABLED_NO_SAFER_UI_BY_POLICY, process creation is denied and the Win32 functions CreateProcess*() yield an error like 786 alias ERROR_ACCESS_DISABLED_NO_SAFER_UI_BY_POLICY; process creation is allowed only if all AppCertDlls return a non-negative NTSTATUS like 0x00000000 alias STATUS_SUCCESS.

Caveat: the NSTATUS 0xC0000372 alias STATUS_ACCESS_DISABLED_NO_SAFER_UI_BY_POLICY was chosen deliberately to avoid possible problems in non-interactive processes: as its name implies, it instructs its receiver to deny access without displaying an error message.

Note: the APPCERT.DLL offered for download use the other NSTATUS codes to let their caller(s) display error messages.

Note: AppCertDlls are not documented by Microsoft®!

Source and Build Instructions

Perform the following four simple steps to build APPCERT.DLL from the source and install it.

Note: APPCERT.DLL is a pure Win32 DLL and builds without the MSVCRT libraries.

  1. Create the text file APPCERT.C with the following content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory: 

    // Copyright © 2004-2018, Stefan Kanthak <‍stefan‍.‍kanthak‍@‍nexgo‍.‍de‍>

#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN

#define WINVER		0x0500
#define _WIN32_WINNT	0x0500

#include <windows.h>
#include <winsafer.h>
#include <wintrust.h>

typedef	enum	_REASON
{
	PROCESS_CREATION_QUERY   = 1,
	PROCESS_CREATION_ALLOWED = 2,
	PROCESS_CREATION_DENIED  = 3
} REASON;

// see <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc231200.aspx>
// and <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc704588.aspx>

typedef	enum	_NTSTATUS
{
	STATUS_SUCCESS                               = 0x00000000,
	STATUS_ACCESS_DISABLED_BY_POLICY_DEFAULT     = 0xC0000361,
	STATUS_ACCESS_DISABLED_BY_POLICY_PATH        = 0xC0000362,
	STATUS_ACCESS_DISABLED_BY_POLICY_PUBLISHER   = 0xC0000363,
	STATUS_ACCESS_DISABLED_BY_POLICY_OTHER       = 0xC0000364,
	STATUS_ACCESS_DISABLED_NO_SAFER_UI_BY_POLICY = 0xC0000372
} NTSTATUS;

NTSTATUS	NTAPI	CreateProcessNotify(LPCWSTR lpApplicationName, REASON enReason)
{
	NTSTATUS	ntStatus = STATUS_SUCCESS;

	// see <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms722431.aspx>

	SAFER_CODE_PROPERTIES	scp = {sizeof(SAFER_CODE_PROPERTIES),
				       SAFER_CRITERIA_AUTHENTICODE | SAFER_CRITERIA_IMAGEHASH | SAFER_CRITERIA_IMAGEPATH,
				       (LPCWSTR) NULL,
				       (HANDLE) NULL,
				       0L,
				       {0},
				       0L,
				       {0},
				       (ALG_ID) 0L,
				       (LPBYTE) NULL,
				       HWND_DESKTOP,
				       WTD_UI_NONE};

	SAFER_LEVEL_HANDLE	slh;

	DWORD	dwLevelId;
	DWORD	dwDummy;

	switch (enReason)
	{
	case PROCESS_CREATION_QUERY:
		// called once for each process that is to be created:
		// return STATUS_SUCCESS to allow process creation or
		// return STATUS_ACCESS_DISABLED_NO_SAFER_UI_BY_POLICY to deny process creation

		scp.ImagePath = lpApplicationName;

		// see <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms722428.aspx>

		if (!SaferIdentifyLevel(1L, &scp, &slh, NULL))
			OutputDebugStringA("AppCert!CreateProcessNotify: SaferIdentifyLevel() failed!\n");
		else
		{	// see <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms722426.aspx>

			if (!SaferGetLevelInformation(slh, SaferObjectLevelId, &dwLevelId, sizeof(dwLevelId), &dwDummy))
				OutputDebugStringA("AppCert!CreateProcessNotify: SaferGetLevelInformation() failed!\n");
			else
				// see <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms722425.aspx>

				if (dwLevelId < SAFER_LEVELID_NORMALUSER)
				{
					ntStatus = STATUS_ACCESS_DISABLED_NO_SAFER_UI_BY_POLICY;

					// see <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms722430.aspx>

					if (!SaferRecordEventLogEntry(slh, scp.ImagePath, NULL))
						OutputDebugStringA("AppCert!CreateProcessNotify: SaferRecordEventLogEntry() failed!\n");
				}

			// see <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms722423.aspx>

			if (!SaferCloseLevel(slh))
				OutputDebugStringA("AppCert!CreateProcessNotify: SaferCloseLevel() failed!\n");
		}

		break;

	case PROCESS_CREATION_ALLOWED:
		// called once for each process that is allowed creation

	//	…

		break;

	case PROCESS_CREATION_DENIED:
		// called once for each process that is denied creation

	//	…

		break;

	default:
		;
	}

	// the return value is only used for PROCESS_CREATION_QUERY,
	// all other conditions are ignored

	return ntStatus;
}

  2. Run the following three command lines to build the DLL APPCERT.DLL from the source file APPCERT.C created in step 1. and cleanup afterwards: 

    CL.EXE /c /GA /GF /GS- /Gy /O1 /Os /Oy- /TcAPPCERT.C /W4 /Zl
LINK.EXE /LINK /DLL /DYNAMICBASE /EXPORT:CreateProcessNotify /LARGEADDRESSAWARE /NODEFAULTLIB /NOENTRY /NXCOMPAT /OPT:REF /OSVERSION:5.1 /RELEASE /SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS /VERSION:1.0 APPCERT.OBJ ADVAPI32.LIB KERNEL32.LIB
Erase APPCERT.EXP APPCERT.LIB APPCERT.OBJ
    Note: for systems with AMD64 alias x64 processor architecture, build APPCERT.DLL for the I386 alias x86 processor architecture too!

  3. Copy the DLL APPCERT.DLL built in step 2. into Windows’ system directory %SystemRoot%\System32\.

    Note: on systems with AMD64 alias x64 processor architecture, additionally copy APPCERT.DLL built for the I386 alias x86 processor architecture to %SystemRoot%\SysWoW64\.

  4. Run the following command line to activate it: 

    "%SystemRoot%\System32\Reg.exe" ADD "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\AppCertDlls" /V "AppCert.Dll" /T REG_SZ /D "%SystemRoot%\System32\AppCert.Dll" /F

Implementation and Build Details

APPCERT.DLL is a pure Win32 DLL, written in ANSI C, built without the MSVCRT libraries, with the Platform SDK for Windows Server 2003 R2, for use on Windows XP and newer versions of Windows NT.

APPCERT.DLL is available for the I386 alias x86, AMD64 alias x64 and IA64 processor architectures of Windows NT.

Authenticity and Integrity

APPCERT.DLL and the cabinet file APPCERT.CAB are digitally signed using an X.509 certificate issued by WEB.DE TrustCenter E-Mail Certification Authority.
Serial number of the certificate
73780985
0x0465CEF9
Fingerprint of the certificate
MD5: 33 33 6e 1d 26 18 a7 c2 be 87 11 68 05 2c 70 09
SHA-1: 8c 5b 75 21 40 41 77 ac 54 13 13 02 06 6b b0 69 10 2e 83 0e
-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBCgKCAQEA6ipnm9vAs63w+TM+9UcG1yQ8CRIxMz/tTXry9MCbeHpkiM/qdPaRWlwVTW2j
PhC81xwIPZXgE1FE4DgE1eImb33DG2YfEBY/ARpMaGUnme+85WmExWWc/YMUAaHOMYQ3TQDX
0V/7yuhfa9Uc29ljtQ2AB0MjhXTJvGguvZZTI5A3rcN4+AKwmETdYH+8OQKMU2s+2H9CVfaD
waX0aj9CeibGNooLTgDchzCBIC5J47qHned/3ZqnMDjYCv3Yc1HNgcbM+ZKzPoD8jShb/ptI
wWPo9s00KEs9ti68RsmejqKovAmdLSzFLGARbue2uiqs4piJkxI0LS5+NTTPyZjsSwIDAQAB
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
Download and install the CA and root X.509 certificates of WEB.DE to validate and verify the digital signature.

Note: due to its counter signature alias timestamp the digital signature remains valid past the X.509 certificates expiration date!

Download

AMD64\APPCERT.DLL, I386\APPCERT.DLL, IA64\APPCERT.DLL and the setup script APPCERT.INF are packaged in the (compressed and digitally signed) cabinet file APPCERT.CAB. 
Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600]
(C) Copyright 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp.

X:\>EXTRACT.EXE /D APPCERT.CAB
Microsoft (R) Cabinet Extraction Tool - Version 5.1.2600.5512
Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved..

 Cabinet APPCERT.CAB

06-11-2018 10:07:18p A---        12,291 APPCERT.INF
06-11-2018 10:05:40p A---        31,960 AMD64\APPCERT.DLL
06-11-2018 10:05:30p A---        31,448 I386\APPCERT.DLL
06-11-2018 10:05:46p A---        35,544 IA64\APPCERT.DLL
                 4 Files        111,243 bytes

X:\>dir APPCERT.CAB
 Volume in drive X has no label.
 Volume Serial Number is FEED-BAC3

 Directory of X:\

06/11/2018  10:08 PM            29,628 APPCERT.CAB
               1 File(s)         29,628 bytes
               0 Dir(s)     987,654,321 bytes free

X:\>SIGNTOOL.EXE Verify /V APPCERT.CAB

Verifying: APPCERT.CAB
SHA1 hash of file: (not calculated)
Signing Certificate Chain:
    Issued to: WEB.DE TrustCenter
    Issued by: WEB.DE TrustCenter
    Expires:   30.08.2024 09:49:34
    SHA1 hash: C8301016951187E6320569B3ED54F34845B51638

        Issued to: WEB.DE TrustCenter E-Mail Certification Authority
        Issued by: WEB.DE TrustCenter
        Expires:   30.08.2024 09:50:51
        SHA1 hash: 8946380C6E370988FB587257A9F9A5CD323045F0

            Issued to: Stefan Kanthak
            Issued by: WEB.DE TrustCenter E-Mail Certification Authority
            Expires:   15.12.2018 02:16:19
            SHA1 hash: 8C5B7521404177AC54131302066BB069102E830E

The signature is timestamped: 11.06.2018 22:08:12
Timestamp Verified by:
    Issued to: Thawte Timestamping CA
    Issued by: Thawte Timestamping CA
    Expires:   01.01.2021 01:59:59
    SHA1 hash: BE36A4562FB2EE05DBB3D32323ADF445084ED656

        Issued to: Symantec Time Stamping Services CA - G2
        Issued by: Thawte Timestamping CA
        Expires:   31.12.2020 01:59:59
        SHA1 hash: 6C07453FFDDA08B83707C09B82FB3D15F35336B1

            Issued to: Symantec Time Stamping Services Signer - G4
            Issued by: Symantec Time Stamping Services CA - G2
            Expires:   30.12.2020 01:59:59
            SHA1 hash: 65439929B67973EB192D6FF243E6767ADF0834E4

Successfully verified: APPCERT.CAB

Number of files successfully Verified: 1
Number of warnings: 0
Number of errors: 0

X:\>
Run the command line 
"%SystemRoot%\System32\Expand.exe" /R APPCERT.CAB /F:* "‹target directory›"
on Windows Vista and newer versions of Windows NT to extract all files into the specified directory, preserving their paths.

Note: Expand.exe from prior versions of Windows NT ignore the paths and junk them; use Extract.exe from the Support Tools on Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 instead!

Note: switch to Details view and turn on the Path column when you open APPCERT.CAB in Windows Explorer!

Installation

The installation requires administrative privileges.

The setup script APPCERT.INF copies the appropriate APPCERT.DLL to %SystemRoot%\System32\APPCERT.DLL and creates the following Registry entry to activate it: 

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\AppCertDlls]
"AppCert.Dll"="C:\\Windows\\System32\\AppCert.Dll"
Note: on systems with AMD64 alias x64 processor architecture, the installation must be run in the native (64-bit) execution environment to install APPCERT.DLL for both processor architectures!

Automatic online installation

If visited with Internet Explorer, this web page will prompt to install (the contents of) the package using Internet Component Download.

Note: on systems with AMD64 alias x64 processor architecture, Internet Explorer (x64) must be used!

Manual offline installation

Download the package APPCERT.CAB and verify its digital signature, then open it in Windows Explorer, extract its contents preserving the directory structure, right-click the extracted setup script APPCERT.INF to display its context menu and click Install to run the installation.

Update

The setup script supports the update from any previous version: just install the current version!

Deinstallation

The deinstallation requires administrative privileges.

On Windows XP and Windows Server 2003, open the Add/Remove Programs applet of the Control Panel, tick the checkbox Updates, select the entry Prevent bypass of AppLocker and SAFER alias Software Restriction Policies underneath Systemkonfiguration and click the Remove button.

On Windows Vista and newer versions of Windows NT, open the Control Panel and click the entry View installed updates underneath the Programs and Features or Programs category.
In Installed Updates select the entry Prevent bypass of AppLocker and SAFER alias Software Restriction Policies underneath Systemkonfiguration and click the Uninstall menu entry.

Contact

If you miss anything here, have additions, comments, corrections, criticism or questions, want to give feedback, hints or tipps, report broken links, bugs, errors, inaccuracies, omissions, vulnerabilities or weaknesses, …:
don’t hesitate to contact me and feel free to ask, comment, criticise, flame, notify or report!

Use the X.509 certificate to send S/MIME encrypted mail.

Notes: I dislike HTML (and even weirder formats too) in email, I prefer to receive plain text.
I also expect to see a full (real) name as sender, not a nickname!
Emails in weird formats and without a proper sender name are likely to be discarded.
I abhor top posts and expect inline quotes in replies.

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Copyright © 1995–2018 • Stefan Kanthak • <‍stefan‍.‍kanthak‍@‍nexgo‍.‍de‍>